Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Petrovskaya, L. S., Zhuk, O. V., & Baranova, I. I. (2015). Development of the shampoo for children. News of Pharmacy, (1 (81)), 45-48.

Abstract. Children, especially infants, have a sensitive and very vulnerable skin. Cosmetics for children supports the protective functions of the skin, making it less susceptible to a variety of stimuli. That is why children from the first days of life need other, safer skin care cosmetics than adults, it should not have the irritating action. In order to develop a foam cleaning product (shampoo) for children we have chosen a number of modern detergents of anionic, non-anionic and amphoteric character, such as 28% disodium laureth sulfosuccinate (“Euronaat LS 3”, Disodium Laureth-3-Sulfosuccinate, “EOS”, Belgium); cocamidopropyl betaine (“Cocamidopropyl Betain”, “KAO”, Japan); coco glucoside and glyceryl oleate (“Lamesoft PO 65”, Coco Glucoside (and) Glyceryl Oleate, “BASF (ex-Cognis)”, Germany); PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate (“Neopal LIS 80”, PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate, “Industria Chimica Panzeri”, Italy). Lactic acid was used as a pH adjustor. Based on these substances the foam cleaning bases in various concentrations of detergents have been prepared. The quality (physicochemical pro-perties) of the foam cleaning bases developed has been assessed according to the current normative documents of Ukraine. At the first stage of the research it was determined that the use of “Euronaat LS 3” was irrational because it did not provide the required foam formation, hence, it was necessary to add other detergents. At the next stage the bases with addition of detergents with the low irritating effect, such as “Cocamidopropyl Betaine”, “Lamesoft PO 65”, “Neopal LIS 80”, were studied to improve the physicochemical and consumer properties. It has been found that foam cleaning bases with additio-nally selected non-ionic and amphoteric detergents improved the properties of the foam cleaning base developed, namely the level and stability of the foam and its consumer properties increased. It should be noted that the bases developed were stable at the pH value selected (5.5-6.5).

Jimeno-Romero, A., Oron, M., Cajaraville, M. P., Soto, M., & Marigómez, I. (2016). Nanoparticle size and combined toxicity of TiO2 and DSLS (surfactant) contribute to lysosomal responses in digestive cells of mussels exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology, 10(8), 1168-1176.

Abstract. The aim of this investigation was to understand the bioaccumulation, cell and tissue distribution and biological effects of disodium laureth sulfosuccinate (DSLS)-stabilised TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in marine mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mussels were exposed in vivo to 0.1, 1 and 10 mg Ti/L either as TiO2 NPs (60 and 180 nm) or bulk TiO2, as well as to DSLS alone. A significant Ti accumulation was observed in mussels exposed to TiO2 NPs, which were localised in endosomes, lysosomes and residual bodies of digestive cells, and in the lumen of digestive tubules, as demonstrated by ultrastructural observations and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. TiO2 NPs of 60 nm were internalised within digestive cell lysosomes to a higher extent than TiO2 NPs of 180 nm, as confirmed by the quantification of black silver deposits after autometallography. The latter were localised mainly forming large aggregates in the lumen of the gut. Consequently, lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) was significantly reduced upon exposure to both TiO2 NPs although more markedly after exposure to TiO2-60 NPs. Exposure to bulk TiO2 and to DSLS also affected the stability of the lysosomal membrane. Thus, effects on the lysosomal membrane depended on the nanoparticle size and on the combined biological effects of TiO2 and DSLS.

Zięba, M., & Tomczyk, A. M. (2019). Micellar Shampoos as a New form of Cosmetics for Washing Hair. Towaroznawcze Problemy Jakości, (4), 59-68.

Abstract. Shampoo manufacturers use the term "micellar shampoos" to refer to mildly acting cosmetics, dedicated to people with delicate, brittle, thin hair and skin prone to irritation. The formulation solution proposed by the manufacturers is designed to combine mild effects on the skin and hair, with simultaneous effective cleansing effect, especially if the consumer uses the shampoo at high frequency (several times a week). The article discusses: the definition of micellar shampoo, the composition of traditional shampoos and issues related to the creation of micellar aggregates. The results of a comparative analysis of a market micellar shampoo well known brand with standard shampoos obtained on the basis of original recipes are also presented. Classical compositions developed for the article differed in the type of the basic surfactant used. Three formulas included: Sodium Laureth Sulfate (abbreviated SLES), Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (abbreviated SLS) and Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate (abbreviated DSLSC) used at a concentration of 5% by weight. In addition to these compounds, the hair washing composition included: Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Glicerine, Polyquaternium-7, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate, Lactic Acid and Aqua. Micellar market shampoo and original shampoos were compared to viscosity, foam-forming properties and ability to emulsify oil soils. Moreover, the values determining the surface activity of their aqueous solutions: surface tension and the size of the micelles formed were determined. It was found that the reference micellar shampoo was characterized by higher: viscosity and ability to emulsify fatty soils in relation to the values obtained for classical shampoos. All washing compositions showed comparable values of surface tension and foaming properties. On the basis of observation of the size of aggregates present in aqueous solutions of the tested shampoos, they can be described as micellar shampoos.(original abstract)

Petrovska, L., Baranova, I., & Bezpala, Y. (2019). The explanaton of the selection of basic detergents and secondary detergents for the development of foam means with minimum irritant action: a review. Annals of Mechnikov's Institute, (2), 17-20.

Abstract. Introduction. Modern detergents are different from those products which satisfied the needs of consumers of the last century (for example, they had a stable foam, a bright color due to synthetic dyes, sometimes rich liquorice smells, etc.). At the present time, the consumer has became more selective when choosing foaming agents of different orientation. Analyzing the entire information space, we noticed that manufacturers develop foam materials on the basis of classical technology, that is, they combine anionic, amphoteric, nonionic detergents, and also add auxiliary substances such as viscosity regulators, corients, pH values, and others. We also noted that the modern manufacturer began to prefer detergents or even their combinations, which in turn would have less irritant activity on the skin and mucous membranes. Materials and methods. As materials we used informational and literary sources that highlighted the main characteristics of modern basic and additional detergents. Also, we used conventional methods of research, namely historical, logical, comparative and structural. Results. Usually, in formulations of foaming agents, which are represented in the Ukrainian market, mostly detergents of anionic nature, such as sodium laureth sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, are presented. The washing properties in them provide a surface-active anion: a negatively charged particle of a molecule. It is the anions that give a massive foam. But since the surface of our skin has a polymozaic charge, the efficacy of cleaning with such a detergent is not the best one. Therefore, lately, modern manufacturers combine either nonionic and amphoteric detergents or combine them with mild anionic substances such as sodium mentresulfate, sodium laurylsarkosinate, magnesium laureth sulfate, and etc. After analyzing literary sources and taking into account the manufacturer's advice, we identified the main "soft" surfactants that are currently used: Magnesium Laureth Sulfate,  Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate,  Sodium Myethyrsulphate, Disodium Lauryl Sulfosuccinate, Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate, Disodium Ricinoleamido MEA-Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Laureth-11 Carboxylate, Laureth-7 Citrate. As additional detergents in foaming agents, various amphoteric, nonionic, some anionic and crypt-anionic detergents are commonly used. Conclusions. The analysis of the nomenclature and characteristics of modern detergents of different nature of origin, namely anionic, amphoteric and nonionogenic, is carried out. It has been established that a wide range of detergents is currently used, which can be used in various applications, for example, from children's foam to shower gels. It is noted that due to the use of detergents with minimal irritant action, it is possible to create a group of sputum funds not only with satisfactory consumer and physicochemical indicators, but also with a limited interval of pH.

De Lathauwer, G., De Rycke, D., Duynslager, A., Tanghe, S., & Oudt, C. (2004). Thickening of Foaming Cosmetic Formulations. In Proceedings of the 6th World Surfactant Congress CESIO, Berlin June (pp. 21-23).

Abstract. Enhancing the viscosity of a foaming cosmetic formulation has both marketing and technical reasons. A rich appearance will be correlated by end users with high concentration and value for money. Thickening also has an advantage in applying the product: a thin shampoo would run off the hands easily. In formulation development and optimization, a thickened formulation can also allow keeping heterogeneous solutions in a stable equilibrium. This paper gives an overview of the different ways of incorporating viscosity in a surfactant formulation including an explanation of the mechanisms involved. It summarizes the different types of raw materials available to formulators illustrating their advantages and drawbacks. The second part gives an overview of typical frame formulations of commercially available shampoos and shower gels. Finally, this paper presents an up-to-date list of most widely used alternatives to diethanolamine based surfactants whilst showing their performance. The comparative study illustrates the superiority of one of the selected alternatives from point of view of workability and similar viscosity build-up performance in a formulation as Cocamide DEA. 

Gao, Y., & Yang, X. (2014). Equilibrium and dynamic surface properties of sulfosuccinate surfactants. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 17(6), 1117-1123.

Abstract. The equilibrium and dynamic surface tension of three sulfosuccinate surfactants at the air/aqueous solution interface were investigated. Wilhelmy plate method was used to determine critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the equilibrium surface tension (γ eq). The dynamic surface tensions in the range 10–100 s were measured by maximum bubble pressure method. The well-known Ward–Tordai equation was employed to analyze the adsorption of the sulfosuccinate surfactants. The parameters and effective diffusion coefficients (D eff) of dynamic surface tension have been calculated and analyzed. The equilibrium surface tension results showed that disodium laureth (3) sulfosuccinate (AEO3-SS), disodium laureth (6) sulfosuccinate (AEO6-SS) and disodium alkyl ethoxy glucoside sulfosuccinate (AEG-SS) are surfactants possessing strong surface activity, adsorbing to the interface rapidly and their γ eq values were in the range 25–32 mN/m. CMC of the three surfactants increases with the number of hydrophilic groups and AEO3-SS has the lowest CMC. According to the values of some dynamic surface tension parameters, AEG-SS is the most hydrophilic surfactant of them and AEO3-SS is energetically more favorable to adsorb to the interface than the others. According to Ward–Tordai equation, the D eff values were calculated, the adsorption mechanism was diffusion controlled at short times and toward the end good evidence was found for an activated-diffusion mechanism with an energy barrier.

Tyagi, V. K. (2006). Sulfosuccinates as mild surfactants. Journal of Oleo Science, 55(9), 429-439.

Abstract. Sulfosuccinate type anionic surfactants have been the workhorse surfactants as mild cleanser. Sulfosuccinates makeup around 49% of all anionic surfactants. Sulfosuccinates are the sodium salts of alkyl ester of sulfosuccinic acid. These surfactants having two long lipophile chains are similar to the alkyl sulfonates. In general, sulfosuccinate surfactants have been used in the cosmetic industry to improve the mildness of personal care products. This paper attempts to review the chemistry, types, synthesis, properties and distinguishing features of sulfosuccinates. The various applications of sulfosuccinate type anionic surfactants have also been discussed in detail.