Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Panico A, Serio F, Bagordo F, Grassi T, Idolo A, DE Giorgi M, Guido M, Congedo M, DE Donno A. Skin safety and health prevention: an overview of chemicals in cosmetic products. J Prev Med Hyg. 2019 Mar 29;60(1):E50-E57. doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.1.1080.

Abstract. Introduction: Cosmetic products contain a wide range of chemicals to which we are exposed every day. The aim of the study was to determine the presence of potential dangerous substances which can cause adverse health effects by examining product labels.....Conclusions: The use of many of these substances is allowed within certain limits, due to their toxicity at higher concentrations. Other important aspects should be considered as, for instance, the possibility of long-term effects. On the other hand, other substances may induce several acute adverse side-effects, i.e. contact dermatitis and allergic reactions. For these reasons, an enhancement of the criteria used for cosmetics formulation is required since many chemicals used singularly or combined are potentially unsafe.

Cai P, Fang SQ, Yang HL, Yang XL, Liu QH, Kong LY, Wang XB. Donepezil-butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) hybrids as Anti-Alzheimer's disease agents with cholinergic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. Eur J Med Chem. 2018 Sep 5;157:161-176. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.005.

Abstract. The multifactorial nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) calls for the development of multitarget agents addressing key pathogenic processes. A novel family of donepezil-butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) hybrids were designed, synthesized and evaluated as multifunctional ligands against AD. ...Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. 

Yehye WA, Rahman NA, Ariffin A, Abd Hamid SB, Alhadi AA, Kadir FA, Yaeghoobi M. Understanding the chemistry behind the antioxidant activities of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT): a review. Eur J Med Chem. 2015 Aug 28;101:295-312. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.026. 

Abstract. ...Our strategy involved investigation on understanding the chemistry behind the antioxidant activities of BHT, whether through hydrogen or electron transfer mechanism to enable promising anti-oxidant candidates to be synthesized. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. 

Castro LDS, Bracht L, Comar JF, Peralta RM, Bracht A. A reappraisal of the proposed metabolic and antioxidant actions of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in the liver. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2017 Aug;31(8). doi: 10.1002/jbt.21924.

Abstract. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was investigated for its metabolic actions in the perfused rat liver. Contrary to what is expected from an uncoupler, BHT up to 500 μM did not stimulate oxygen uptake nor did it inhibit gluconeogenesis from lactate. Transformation of fructose into glucose was also not affected by BHT; only lactate production was slightly increased at the concentration of 100 μM. ....© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Baishya SK , Biswas RK , Govindasamy K , Deka BC , Sinha S , Singh M . Pre-freezing Treatment with Butylated Hydroxytoluene and Cholesterol-loaded Methyl-β-cyclodextrin Improves Quality of Cryopreserved Boar Semen. Cryo Letters. 2018 Sep/Oct;39(5):336-344. 

Abstract. Background: Pre-freezing treatment of boar sperm with additives improves the quality of post-thaw sperms....Conclusion: Treatment of boar spermatozoa with BHT and CLC improved post-thaw sperm quality.

Martins V, Teodoro WR, Velosa APP, Andrade P, Farhat C, Fabro AT, Capelozzi VL. Butylated hydroxytoluene induces type-V collagen and overexpression of remodeling genes/proteins in experimental lung fibrosis. Histol Histopathol. 2018 Oct;33(10):1111-1123. doi: 10.14670/HH-18-010.

.Abstract. Anomalous histoarchitecture with increased levels of type-V collagen (Col V) in lungs of human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and bleomycin (BLM) airway-centered interstitial fibrosis suggest that this collagen can be a possible trigger involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) injury model revealed a distal involvement of lung parenchyma with significant endothelial injury and fibrotic response, contrasting with the BLM airway-centered insult. We undertook this study to analyze whether BHT alters distal airway/alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) signaling involved in the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis in a different pathway concerning overexpression of Col V. Female mice C57BL/6 (n=6) were instilled intraperitoneally with 400 mg/kg of BHT dissolved in 1 mL of corn oil and euthanized at day 14 or 21 after BHT administration. Morphometry, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy were performed to characterize microscopic and submicroscopic changes of AECs and endothelial cells through transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy were performed to characterize Col V. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to confirm differential levels of RNA messenger. BHT lungs showed marked fibrotic areas and hyperplastic AECs. The alveolar damage caused destruction of elastic fibers and a critical increase of Col V in ECM of distal lung parenchyma. Fibrogenesis-promoting markers TGF-β, bFGF and VEGF were also overexpressed in situ, coinciding with up-regulation in remodeling enzymes, growth factors, cytokines, transduction and transcription genes. BHT alters distal lung parenchyma signaling involved in pulmonary fibrosis highlighted similarities to human IPF in a pathway involving Col V arising as a promissory model to identify effective therapeutic targets.

García Ibarra V, Sendón R, García-Fonte XX, Paseiro Losada P, Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós A. Migration studies of butylated hydroxytoluene, tributyl acetylcitrate and dibutyl phthalate into food simulants. J Sci Food Agric. 2019 Mar 15;99(4):1586-1595. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.9337.

Abstract. ... ..The present study investigated the process of migration of two common plasticizers [tributyl acetylcitrate (ATBC) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP)] and one antioxidant [butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)] from a common plastic material used in food packaging (low density polyethylene) into 50% ethanol (v/v), 95% ethanol (v/v) and isooctane. A mathematical model based on Fick's second law was used to determine the partition and diffusion coefficients. In addition, the effect of temperature on the diffusion was studied by applying the Arrhenius equation....© 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Pop A, Drugan T, Gutleb AC, Lupu D, Cherfan J, Loghin F, Kiss B. Estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity of butylparaben, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene and propyl gallate and their binary mixtures on two estrogen responsive cell lines (T47D-Kbluc, MCF-7). J Appl Toxicol. 2018 Jul;38(7):944-957. doi: 10.1002/jat.3601. 

Abstract. The estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects of butylparaben (BuPB), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and propyl gallate (PG) were evaluated for individual compounds as well as for binary mixtures, using an estrogen-dependent reporter gene assay in T47D-Kbluc breast cancer cells and an estrogen-dependent proliferation assay in MCF-7 breast cancer cells....Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Yu LL, Yu HH, Liang XF, Li N, Wang X, Li FH, Wu XF, Zheng YH, Xue M, Liang XF. Dietary butylated hydroxytoluene improves lipid metabolism, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic response of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2018 Jan;72:220-229. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.054.

Abstract. A 10-week growth trail was conducted to investigate the efficacy and tolerance of dietary butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) by evaluating inflammation, apoptosis and hepatic disease related to oxidative stress in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).....Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd.

Tao J, Zhu Q, Qin F, Wang M, Chen J, Zheng ZP. Preparation of steppogenin and ascorbic acid, vitamin E, butylated hydroxytoluene oil-in-water microemulsions: Characterization, stability, and antibrowning effects for fresh apple juice. Food Chem. 2017 Jun 1;224:11-18. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.045.

Abstract. Oil-in-water microemulsions (O/W MEs) allow the preparation of insoluble compounds into liquid. In this study, we prepared O/W MEs to improve the solubility and stability of steppogenin (S) in aqueous liquid, and studied their ability to inhibit fresh apple juice browning. ...Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.