"Descrizione" by Fillp (3511 pt) | 2023-Jul-19 13:59 |
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Reldan™ 22
What it is used for and where
Reldan™ 22 (Chlorpyrifos-methyl) Insecticide, broad-spectrum pesticide that acts by contact, ingestion and asphyxiation to control the main pests of apple, pear, peach, citrus, grapevine, tomato, pepper, strawberry, ornamentals, flowers and some minor crops.
Clorpyrifos-metil is a chemical compound, a synthetic inhibitor of organophosphate acetylcholinesterase
and the name defines the structure of the molecule:
It occurs as a white crystalline powder and has an ammonia-like odour.
What it is used for and where
Chemical pesticide that attacks insect larvae. It is quite volatile and attaches best to the soil where it performs its function while resisting water well.
Insecticide and acaricide, used against :
It is used to protect crops of :
Alternatives
Recently many products have been placed on the market that have the same protective target based on the bacterium Gram-positive Bacillus thuringiensis.
Review : Better than Reldan™ 22
Safety
In 2020, the European Union banned the use of Chlorpyrifos and revoked the marketing authorisations due to risks associated with human health such as neurotoxicity, especially to children, and the environment.
Italy. In 2020, the Italian Ministry of Health authorised the use of Chlorpyrifos in grape cultivations for 120 days as a maximum period due to the invasion of the Asian fruit bug and the leafhopper (Scaphoideus titanus) also known as 'flavescence dorée' present in grapevines and apple orchards especially in Veneto (Valdobbiadene and Valpolicella). In 2023, however, it appears that, at least in limited quantities, Chlorpyrifos will be sprayed to prevent crop damage.
Canada. A ban on the use of Chlorpyrifos for most agricultural uses, with the exception of mosquito control, came into effect in 2020.
Brazil. Ban on the use of Clorpyrifos in most agricultural crops.
Chemical synthesis process, simplified version:
Typical commercial product characteristics Chlorpyrifos-methyl
Appearance | White powder |
Boiling Point | 347.3±52.0°C at 760 mmHg |
Melting Point | 45.5-46.5°C |
Flash Point | 163.8±30.7°C |
Density | 1.6±0.1 g/cm3 |
Content | ≥95.0% |
Moisture | ≤0.2% |
Acidity | ≤0.2% |
PSA | 82.48000 |
LogP | 3.71 |
Refractive index | 1.582 |
Vapor Pressure | 0.0±0.7 mmHg at 25°C |
Safety |
Synonyms:
References_____________________________________________________________________
Tarazona, J. V., González-Caballero, M. D. C., Alba-Gonzalez, M. D., Pedraza-Diaz, S., Cañas, A., Dominguez-Morueco, N., ... & Castaño, A. (2022). Improving the Risk Assessment of Pesticides through the Integration of Human Biomonitoring and Food Monitoring Data: A Case Study for Chlorpyrifos. Toxics, 10(6), 313.
Abstract. The risk assessment of pesticide residues in food is a key priority in the area of food safety. Most jurisdictions have implemented pre-marketing authorization processes, which are supported by prospective risk assessments. These prospective assessments estimate the expected residue levels in food combining results from residue trials, resembling the pesticide use patterns, with food consumption patterns, according to internationally agreed procedures. In addition, jurisdictions such as the European Union (EU) have implemented large monitoring programs, measuring actual pesticide residue levels in food, and are supporting large-scale human biomonitoring programs for confirming the actual exposure levels and potential risk for consumers. The organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos offers an interesting case study, as in the last decade, its acceptable daily intake (ADI) has been reduced several times following risk assessments by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). This process has been linked to significant reductions in the use authorized in the EU, reducing consumers’ exposure progressively, until the final ban in 2020, accompanied by setting all EU maximum residue levels (MRL) in food at the default value of 0.01 mg/kg. We present a comparison of estimates of the consumer’s internal exposure to chlorpyrifos based on the urinary marker 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), using two sources of monitoring data: monitoring of the food chain from the EU program and biomonitoring of European citizens from the HB4EU project, supported by a literature search. Both methods confirmed a drastic reduction in exposure levels from 2016 onwards. The margin of exposure approach is then used for conducting retrospective risk assessments at different time points, considering the evolution of our understanding of chlorpyrifos toxicity, as well as of exposure levels in EU consumers following the regulatory decisions. Concerns are presented using a color code, and have been identified for almost all studies, particularly for the highest exposed group, but at different levels, reaching the maximum level, red code, for children in Cyprus and Israel. The assessment uncertainties are highlighted and integrated in the identification of levels of concern.
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA); Carrasco Cabrera L, Di Piazza G, Dujardin B, Medina Pastor P. The 2021 European Union report on pesticide residues in food. EFSA J. 2023 Apr 26;21(4):e07939. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7939.
Abstract. Under European Union legislation (Article 32, Regulation (EC) No 396/2005), EFSA is to provide an annual report assessing the pesticide residue levels in foods on the European market. In 2021, 96.1% of the overall 87,863 samples analysed fell below the maximum residue level (MRL), 3.9% exceeded this level, of which 2.5% were non-compliant, i.e. samples exceeding the MRL after accounting for the measurement uncertainty. For the EU-coordinated multiannual control programme subset, 13,845 samples were analysed of which 2.1% exceeded the MRL and 1.3% were non-compliant. To assess acute and chronic risk to consumer health, dietary exposure to pesticide residues was estimated and compared with available health-based guidance values (HBGVs). A new pilot methodology based on probabilistic assessment was introduced to provide the probability of subjects being expose to an exceedance of the HBGV. Recommendations to risk manager are given to increase the effectiveness of European control systems and to ensure a high level of consumer protection throughout the EU.
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