"Descrizione" by Fillp (3511 pt) | 2023-Jul-19 13:58 |
Evaluation | N. Experts | Evaluation | N. Experts |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 6 | ||
2 | 7 | ||
3 | 8 | ||
4 | 9 | ||
5 | 10 |
Reldan™ 22
A cosa serve e dove si usa
Reldan™ 22 (Chlorpyrifos-methyl) è un insetticida organoclorurato., pesticida ad ampio spettro d'azione che agisce per contatto, ingestione d asfissia, per il controllo dei principali parassiti del melo, pero, pesco, agrumi, vite, pomodoro, peperone, fragola, ornamentali, floreali ed alcune colture minori.
Clorpyrifos-metil è un composto chimico, inibitore sintetico dell'acetilcolinesterasi organofosfato e il nome definisce la struttura della molecola:
Si presenta in forma di polvere cristallina bianca. Odore di ammoniaca.
A cosa serve e dove si usa
Sostanza chimica pesticida che attacca le larve degli insetti. E' piuttosto volatile e si attacca meglio al terreno dove svolge la sua funzione resistendo bene all'acqua.
Insetticida e acaricida, viene utilizzato contro :
Viene usato per preservare dagli insetti le coltivazioni di :
Alternative
Recentemente sono stati immessi sul mercato prodotti che hanno lo stesso target protettivo a base del batterio Gram-positivo Bacillus thuringiensis.
Recensione : Meglio di Reldan™ 22
Sicurezza
Nel 2020 l'Unione Europea ha vietato l'uso di Clorpyrifos e ha revocato le autorizzazioni alla vendita per i rischi associati alla salute umana come neurotossicità soprattutto infantile e all'ambiente.
Italia. Nel 2020 Ministero della salute italiano ha autorizzato l'utilizzo di Clorpyrifos nelle coltivazioni di uva per 120 giorni come periodo massimo a causa dell'invasione della cimice asiatica e della Cicalina (Scaphoideus titanus) chiamata anche "flavescenza dorata" presente nei vitigni e nei meleti soprattutto in Veneto (Valdobbiadene e in Valpolicella). Nel 2023 pare comunque che, almeno in quantità limitate, il Clorpyrifos sia irrorato per evitare il danneggiamento dei raccolti.
Canada. Nel 2020 è entrato in vigore il divieto dell'uso di Clorpyrifos per la maggior parte degli usi agricoli con l'eccezione del controllo delle zanzare.
Brasile. Divieto dell'uso di Clorpyrifos nella maggior parte delle colture agricole.
Processo di sintesi chimica, versione semplificata:
Caratteristiche tipiche del prodotto commerciale Chlorpyrifos-methyl
Appearance | White powder |
Boiling Point | 347.3±52.0°C at 760 mmHg |
Melting Point | 45.5-46.5°C |
Flash Point | 163.8±30.7°C |
Density | 1.6±0.1 g/cm3 |
Content | ≥95.0% |
Moisture | ≤0.2% |
Acidity | ≤0.2% |
PSA | 82.48000 |
LogP | 3.71 |
Refractive index | 1.582 |
Vapor Pressure | 0.0±0.7 mmHg at 25°C |
Safety |
Sinonimi:
Bibliografia_____________________________________________________________________
Tarazona, J. V., González-Caballero, M. D. C., Alba-Gonzalez, M. D., Pedraza-Diaz, S., Cañas, A., Dominguez-Morueco, N., ... & Castaño, A. (2022). Improving the Risk Assessment of Pesticides through the Integration of Human Biomonitoring and Food Monitoring Data: A Case Study for Chlorpyrifos. Toxics, 10(6), 313.
Abstract. The risk assessment of pesticide residues in food is a key priority in the area of food safety. Most jurisdictions have implemented pre-marketing authorization processes, which are supported by prospective risk assessments. These prospective assessments estimate the expected residue levels in food combining results from residue trials, resembling the pesticide use patterns, with food consumption patterns, according to internationally agreed procedures. In addition, jurisdictions such as the European Union (EU) have implemented large monitoring programs, measuring actual pesticide residue levels in food, and are supporting large-scale human biomonitoring programs for confirming the actual exposure levels and potential risk for consumers. The organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos offers an interesting case study, as in the last decade, its acceptable daily intake (ADI) has been reduced several times following risk assessments by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). This process has been linked to significant reductions in the use authorized in the EU, reducing consumers’ exposure progressively, until the final ban in 2020, accompanied by setting all EU maximum residue levels (MRL) in food at the default value of 0.01 mg/kg. We present a comparison of estimates of the consumer’s internal exposure to chlorpyrifos based on the urinary marker 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), using two sources of monitoring data: monitoring of the food chain from the EU program and biomonitoring of European citizens from the HB4EU project, supported by a literature search. Both methods confirmed a drastic reduction in exposure levels from 2016 onwards. The margin of exposure approach is then used for conducting retrospective risk assessments at different time points, considering the evolution of our understanding of chlorpyrifos toxicity, as well as of exposure levels in EU consumers following the regulatory decisions. Concerns are presented using a color code, and have been identified for almost all studies, particularly for the highest exposed group, but at different levels, reaching the maximum level, red code, for children in Cyprus and Israel. The assessment uncertainties are highlighted and integrated in the identification of levels of concern.
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA); Carrasco Cabrera L, Di Piazza G, Dujardin B, Medina Pastor P. The 2021 European Union report on pesticide residues in food. EFSA J. 2023 Apr 26;21(4):e07939. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7939.
Abstract. Under European Union legislation (Article 32, Regulation (EC) No 396/2005), EFSA is to provide an annual report assessing the pesticide residue levels in foods on the European market. In 2021, 96.1% of the overall 87,863 samples analysed fell below the maximum residue level (MRL), 3.9% exceeded this level, of which 2.5% were non-compliant, i.e. samples exceeding the MRL after accounting for the measurement uncertainty. For the EU-coordinated multiannual control programme subset, 13,845 samples were analysed of which 2.1% exceeded the MRL and 1.3% were non-compliant. To assess acute and chronic risk to consumer health, dietary exposure to pesticide residues was estimated and compared with available health-based guidance values (HBGVs). A new pilot methodology based on probabilistic assessment was introduced to provide the probability of subjects being expose to an exceedance of the HBGV. Recommendations to risk manager are given to increase the effectiveness of European control systems and to ensure a high level of consumer protection throughout the EU.
Evaluate |