![]() | "Descrizione" by FRanier (9974 pt) | 2023-Nov-26 12:37 |
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Metabisolfito di sodio è il sale sodico dell'acido solforoso. e appartiene al gruppo dei solfiti, componenti a base di zolfo che rilasciano anidride solforosa SO2, un composto attivo conservante.
Il nome definisce la struttura della molecola:
Metabisolfito si riferisce al gruppo di anioni metabisolfito (SO2), che sono agenti riducenti e conservanti. "Di Sodio" indica la presenza di ioni di sodio (Na+), che si legano agli anioni metabisolfito per formare il composto. Questo composto è utilizzato per le sue proprietà antimicrobiche e conservanti, oltre che come agente sbiancante in alcune applicazioni.
Le materie prime principali per la sua produzione sono:
Sintesi Chimica Industriale
Si presenta in forma di polvere bianca cristallina stabile con un leggero odore di anidride solforosa. Solubile in acqua. Incompatibile con forti agenti ossidanti, acidi forti. Al contatto con acidi forti rilascia un gas velenoso..
Il gruppo dei solfiti comprende:
Anidride solforosa | E220 | SO2 |
Solfito di sodio | E221 | Na2SO3 |
Bisolfito di sodio | E222 | NaHO3S |
Metabisolfito di sodio | E223 | Na2O5S2 |
Metabisolfito di potassio | E224 | K2O5S2 |
Calcio Solfito | E226 | CaSO3 |
Bisolfito di calcio | E227 | CaH2O6S2 |
Potassio solfito acido | E228 | KHSO3 |
A cosa serve e dove si usa
E' un conservante, usato dall'industria alimentare ed etichettato con il numero E223 nella lista degli additivi alimentari europei
Viene usato in alimenti come agente sbiancante e per prevenire le reazioni di imbrunimento (1).
Cosmetica
E' un ingrediente soggetto a restrizioni III/99 e V/9 come Voce pertinente negli allegati del regolamento europeo sui cosmetici n. 1223/2009
Agente antiossidante. Ingrediente che contrasta lo stress ossidativo e che evita danni cellulari. I radicali liberi, i processi infiammatori patologici, le specie reattive dell'azoto e le specie reattive dell'ossigeno sono responsabili del processo di invecchiamento e di molte malattie causate dall'ossidazione.
Conservante. Qualsiasi prodotto contenente composti organici, inorganici, acqua, ha necessità di essere preservato dalla contaminazione microbica. I conservanti agiscono contro lo sviluppo dei microrganismi dannosi e contro l'ossidazione del prodotto.
Agente riducente. Ingrediente che agevola l'ondulazione permanente dei capelli con un livello di pH ottimale.
Sicurezza
E' stato dichiarato componente sicuro per la salute umana dal 1959 (Gunnison and Jacobsen, 1987; Kencebay et al.2013).
Dermatite allergica da contatto causata da un sistema di catetere contenente metabisolfito di sodio (2).
I sintomi riconducibili ad una sensibilità ai solfiti possono essere di varia natura e importanza. I più diffusi sono il mal di testa e prurito o gonfiore generalizzato, ma si sono verificati casi di nausea, broncocostrizione, diarrea, ipotensione, shock (3).
Il Gruppo di esperti scientifici dell'EFSA sugli additivi alimentari e gli aromatizzanti ha valutato il rischio per gli elementi tossici presenti nel biossido di zolfo-solfito (E 220-228), sulla base dei dati presentati dagli operatori economici interessati, e ha concluso che i limiti massimi delle specifiche UE per arsenico, piombo e mercurio dovrebbero essere abbassati e dovrebbe essere introdotto un limite massimo per il cadmio (4).
Allergene oftalmico (5).
Altri usi
Studi sul Metabisolfito di sodio
Caratteristiche tipiche del prodotto commerciale Sodium metabisulfite
Appearance | White powder |
pH | 4.0-4.6 |
Melting Point | 150°C |
Density | 1.48 |
PSA | 189.898254 |
LogP | 0.27220 |
Water Solubility | 540 g/L (20 ºC) |
Water insoluble | 0.01% max |
Fe | 0.002% max |
As | 0.00006% max |
Heavy Metals(Pb) | 0.0003% max |
Safety | ![]() |
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Sinonimi :
Bibliografia________________________________________________________________
(1) Dalefield RR, Mueller U. Gastric mucosal irritation following oral exposure to sodium metabisulphite: A reproducible effect? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016 Oct;80:277-82. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.07.005.
(2) Grosch E, Mahler V. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by a catheter system containing sodium metabisulfite. Contact Dermatitis. 2017 Mar;76(3):186-187. doi: 10.1111/cod.12675.
(3) Gunnison AF, Jacobsen DW. Sulfite hypersensitivity. A critical review. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol. 1987;17(3):185-214. doi: 10.3109/10408448709071208.
Abstract. Sulfiting agents (sulfur dioxide and the sodium and potassium salts of bisulfite, sulfite, and metabisulfite) are widely used as preservatives in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Within the past 5 years, there have been numerous reports of adverse reactions to sulfiting agents. This review presents a comprehensive compilation and discussion of reports describing reactions to ingested, inhaled, and parenterally administered sulfite. Sulfite hypersensitivity is usually, but not exclusively, found within the chronic asthmatic population. Although there is some disagreement on its prevalence, a number of studies have indicated that 5 to 10% of all chronic asthmatics are sulfite hypersensitive. This review also describes respiratory sulfur dioxide sensitivity which essentially all asthmatics experience. Possible mechanisms of sulfite hypersensitivity and sulfur dioxide sensitivity are discussed in detail. Sulfite metabolism and the role of sulfite oxidase in the detoxification of exogenous sulfite are reviewed in relationship to the etiology of sulfite hypersensitivity.
(4) EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF); Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel KH, Fowler PJ, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gundert-Remy U, Gürtler R, Husøy T, Manco M, Mennes W, Moldeus P, Passamonti S, Shah R, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Boon P, Cheyns K, Crebelli R, FitzGerald R, Lambré C, Mirat M, Ulbrich B, Vleminckx C, Mech A, Rincon AM, Tard A, Horvath Z, Wright M. Follow-up of the re-evaluation of sulfur dioxide (E 220), sodium sulfite (E 221), sodium bisulfite (E 222), sodium metabisulfite (E 223), potassium metabisulfite (E 224), calcium sulfite (E 226), calcium bisulfite (E 227) and potassium bisulfite (E 228). EFSA J. 2022 Nov 24;20(11):e07594. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7594.
Abstract. Sulfur dioxide-sulfites (E 220-228) were re-evaluated in 2016, resulting in the setting of a temporary ADI of 0.7 mg SO2 equivalents/kg bw per day. Following a European Commission call for data, the present follow-up opinion assesses data provided by interested business operators (IBOs) and additional evidence identified in the publicly available literature. No new biological or toxicological data addressing the data gaps described in the re-evaluation were submitted by IBOs. Taking into account data identified from the literature search, the Panel concluded that there was no substantial reduction in the uncertainties previously identified in the re-evaluation. Therefore, the Panel considered that the available toxicity database was inadequate to derive an ADI and withdrew the current temporary group acceptable daily intake (ADI). A margin of exposure (MOE) approach was considered appropriate to assess the risk for these food additives. A lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose of 38 mg SO2 equivalents/kg bw per day, which is lower than the previous reference point of 70 mg SO2 equivalents/kg bw per day, was estimated based on prolonged visual evoked potential latency. An assessment factor of 80 was applied for the assessment of the MoE. At the estimated dietary exposures, when using a refined exposure scenario (Data set D), MOEs at the maximum of 95th percentile ranges were below 80 for all population groups except for adolescents. The dietary exposures estimated using the maximum permitted levels would result in MOEs below 80 in all population groups at the maximum of the ranges of the mean, and for most of the population groups at both minimum and maximum of the ranges at the 95th percentile. The Panel concluded that this raises a safety concern for both dietary exposure scenarios. The Panel also performed a risk assessment for toxic elements present in sulfur dioxide-sulfites (E 220-228), based on data submitted by IBOs, and concluded that the maximum limits in the EU specifications for arsenic, lead and mercury should be lowered and a maximum limit for cadmium should be introduced.
(5) Herbst RA, Uter W, Pirker C, Geier J, Frosch PJ. Allergic and non-allergic periorbital dermatitis: patch test results of the Information Network of the Departments of Dermatology during a 5-year period. Contact Dermatitis. 2004 Jul;51(1):13-9. doi: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00334.x.
Abstract. Periorbital dermatitis is common and can be due to the external use of ophthalmic drugs. We evaluated patch test results of the Information Network of the Departments of Dermatology. During a 5-year period (1995-99), of a total 49,256 patch-tested patients, 1053 (2.1%) were eventually diagnosed as allergic periorbital contact dermatitis (APD) and 588 (1.2%) as non-allergic periorbital dermatitis (NAPD). Patient characteristics between APD, NAPD and other cases (OCs) differed with respect to sex (19.7% male in both periorbital groups versus 36.3% in OCs), atopic dermatitis (10.4% in APD versus 60.2% in NAPD versus 16.9% in OCs) and age, APD being substantially more often (68.2%) aged 40 and above than NAPD (52.6%). Several of the top allergens in OCs [such as fragrance mix, Myroxylon pereirae resin (balsam of Peru), lanolin alcohol and potassium dichromate] caused significantly fewer positive test reactions in both periorbital groups. In contrast, thimerosal, phenylmercuric acetate, sodium disulfite, gentamicin sulfate, phenylephrine hydrochloride and benzalkonium chloride tested positively significantly more often in APD but not in NAPD, verifying them as true ophthalmic allergens. Finally, in 42 cases (4%) of APD patients, additional allergens were identified by testing of the patients' own substances (mostly beta-blockers, oxybuprocaine and dexpanthenol), supporting the necessity of testing with ophthalmic drugs as is where individual substances are not readily available.
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