Safety

CI 77499 is a black colored pigment, for which all the warnings concerning iron oxide in general are valid. In this regard, there is a large documentation of EFSA (1).

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as drug transporters can add further functionalities, such as guidance or heating by external magnetic fields (Magnetic Drug Targeting or Magnetic Hyperthermia), and imaging-controlled therapy (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) (2).

The objective of this work is to address this problem from the theoretical side by performing detailed simulations to investigate the effect of incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles in clusters on the amount of heat generated as a function of the particle size, cluster size and particles magnetic properties (3).

Polyethyleneimine-coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Vehicle for the Delivery of Small Interfering RNA to Macrophages In Vitro and In Vivo (4).

Iron Oxide as a Contrast Agent

This study focuses on the function of iron oxide as a contrast agent for cell tracking by magnetic resonance (5).

Iron Oxide as Dietry Supplement

Comparison of the Effects of Iron Oxide, as a New Form of Iron Supplement, and Ferrous Sulfate on the Blood Levels of Iron and Total Iron-Binding Globulin (6).

References_____________________________________________________________

(1) EFSA JOURNAL Safety and efficacy of iron oxide black, red and yellow for all animal species
Volume 14, Issue 6, June 2016, EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP)
Version of Record online : 6 JUN 2016, DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4482

(2) Janko C, Ratschker T, Nguyen K, Zschiesche L, Tietze R, Lyer S, Alexiou C. Functionalized Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) as Platform for the Targeted Multimodal Tumor Therapy.  Front Oncol. 2019 Feb 13;9:59. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00059. eCollection 2019

(3) Lattuada M. Effect of Clustering on the Heat Generated by Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Chimia (Aarau). 2019 Feb 27;73(1):39-42. doi: 10.2533/chimia.2019.39.

(4) Jia N, Wu H, Duan J, Wei C, Wang K, Zhang Y, Mao X. Polyethyleneimine-coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Vehicle for the Delivery of Small Interfering RNA to Macrophages In Vitro and In Vivo. J Vis Exp. 2019 Feb 5;(144). doi: 10.3791/58660.

(5) Korchinski DJ, Taha M, Yang R, Nathoo N, Dunn JF. Iron Oxide as an MRI Contrast Agent for Cell Tracking.  Magn Reson Insights. 2015 Oct 6;8(Suppl 1):15-29. doi: 10.4137/MRI.S23557. eCollection 2015. Review.

(6) Kheiri R, Koohi MK, Sadeghi-Hashjin G, Nouri H, Khezli N, Hassan MA, Hoomani F, Shams G, Rasouli A, Motaghinejad M. Comparison of the Effects of Iron Oxide, as a New Form of Iron Supplement, and Ferrous Sulfate on the Blood Levels of Iron and Total Iron-Binding Globulin in the Rabbit.  Iran J Med Sci. 2017 Jan;42(1):79-84.