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 | "Descrizione" by Nat45 (5725 pt) | 2023-Jan-02 10:12 |
| Evaluation | N. Experts | Evaluation | N. Experts |
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| 1 | 6 | ||
| 2 | 7 | ||
| 3 | 8 | ||
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Betaine (1-carboxy-N, N, N-trimethyl-methanamine) is a quaternary ammonium compound, a partially modified amino acid derived from glycine, a natural substance (it was discovered in Beta vulgaris, the beet, in the 19th century) that is non-toxic and very stable. It is also called trimethylglycine because it has the appearance of three extra methyl groups.
It is found in wheat, spinach, beetroot, aquatic invertebrates and more. Its intake in the human body, where it is distributed in the kidneys, liver and brain, is considered safe if within the daily dietary dose recommended by the treating physician (1). It reduces protein denaturation and maintains enzyme activity. Betaine is an important component of the methionine cycle, essential for DNA gene regulation (2).
Commercially it occurs as a fine, white, crystalline, scaly or prismatic powder with a slightly sweet odour). Hygroscopic. Incompatible with strong oxidising agents.
What it is used for and where
Medical
Betaine improves the metabolism of sulphur amino acids against oxidative stress and thus has a positive effect on diabetes, obesity, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases thanks to its anti-inflammatory effect, which has been demonstrated for decades in the scientific literature (3).
Since high plasma homocysteine (an amino acid) poses a high risk of cardiovascular disease in the human body, a group of researchers at Wageningen University in the Netherlands, following a study on healthy subjects, concluded that a fasting dietary intake rich in betaine reduces plasma concentrations of homocysteine and post-methionine (4).
Cosmetics
Betaine is included in skin care products as a nutrient to prevent shrinkage or tissue decay of cells. It also works as a good cleanser.
Hair conditioning agent. A large number of ingredients with specific purposes can co-exist in a hair shampoo: cleansers, conditioners, thickeners, mattifying agents, sequestering agents, fragrances, preservatives, special additives. However, the indispensable ingredients are the cleansers and conditioners as they are necessary and sufficient for hair cleansing and manageability. The others act as commercial and non-essential auxiliaries such as: appearance, fragrance, colouring, etc. Hair conditioning agents have the task of increasing shine, manageability and volume, and reducing static electricity, especially after treatments such as colouring, ironing, waving, drying and brushing. They are, in practice, dispersing agents that may contain cationic surfactants, thickeners, emollients, polymers. The typology of hair conditioners includes: intensive conditioners, instant conditioners, thickening conditioners, drying conditioners.
Skin conditioning agent - Humectant. Humectants are hygroscopic substances used to minimise water loss in the skin and to prevent it from drying out by facilitating faster and greater absorption of water into the stratum corneum of the epidermis. The epidermis is the most superficial of the three layers that make up the human skin (epidermis, dermis and hypodermis) and is the layer that maintains hydration in all three layers. In turn, the epidermis is composed of five layers: corneum, the most superficial, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum and basale. Humectants have the ability to retain in the stratum corneum the water they attract from the air and have the function of moisturising the skin. It is better to use them before emollients that are oil-based.
In toothpastes, it is included as a humectant to prevent a dry mouthfeel.
Animal feed
Feed additive.
Other uses
Snacks, beverages, chocolate creams, cereals, nutrition bars, sports bars, vitamin tablets, filling capsules, etc.
Typical optimal commercial product characteristics Trimethylglycine
| Appearance | White Crystalline powder |
| Density | 1.00 g/mL at 20°C |
| Melting Point | 301-305 °C |
| Water Solubility | 160 g/100 mL |
| Drying Loss% | ≤ 0.50 |
| Ignition residue% | ≤ 1.5 |
| TMA Residue% | ≤ 0.03 |
| Heavy metal (Pb)% | ≤ 0.001 |
| Arsenic% | ≤ 0.0002 |
| Total Plate Count | 1000/g Max |
| Yeast & Mold | 100/g Max |
| PSA | 40.13000 |
| LogP | -3.25 |
| Storage | 2-8°C |
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Synonyms:
References_______________________________________________________________________
(1) Craig SA. Betaine in human nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80(3):539-49. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/80.3.539.
(2) Hu Y, Sun Q, Liu J, Jia Y, Cai D, Idriss AA, Omer NA, Zhao R. In ovo injection of betaine alleviates corticosterone-induced fatty liver in chickens through epigenetic modifications. Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 6;7:40251. doi: 10.1038/srep40251.
(3) Zhao G, He F, Wu C, Li P, Li N, Deng J, Zhu G, Ren W, Peng Y. Betaine in Inflammation: Mechanistic Aspects and Applications. Front Immunol. 2018 May 24;9:1070. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01070.
(4) Olthof MR, van Vliet T, Boelsma E, Verhoef P. Low dose betaine supplementation leads to immediate and long term lowering of plasma homocysteine in healthy men and women. J Nutr. 2003 Dec;133(12):4135-8. doi: 10.1093/jn/133.12.4135.
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