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Il Sambuco nero che si osserva comunemente in parchi giardini e boschi è il Sambucus nigra L. appartenente alla famiglia delle Caprifoliaceae e appartengono a questa famiglia varie specie di Sambuco :
Sambucus Nigra L.
Sambucus canadensis
Sambucus edulus
Sambucus racemosa
ed altre specie anche se recentemente viene attribuito alla famiglia delle Adoxaceae.
Sambucus nigra, comunemente noto come Sambuco o Sambuco Nero, è un arbusto deciduo o un piccolo albero originario dell'Europa, di parti dell'Asia e del Nord America. È conosciuto per i suoi grappoli di piccoli fiori bianchi e bacche di colore viola scuro o nero. La pianta è stata tradizionalmente utilizzata in medicina erboristica e in cucina per i suoi potenziali benefici per la salute e per gli usi culinari. I fiori e le bacche sono apprezzati per le loro proprietà antiossidanti e anti-infiammatorie.
Classificazione Botanica:
Caratteristiche della Pianta: Sambucus nigra è caratterizzato da:
Composizione Chimica e Struttura: La composizione chimica di Sambucus nigra include:
Fitochimica:
Nelle bacche si trovano oli essenziali, acidi grassi liberi, flavonoidi e i loro glicosidi, acidi fenolici, carotenoidi, vitamine e minerali (1). Acidi e flavonoli fenolici, insieme antociani, costituiscono i principali metaboliti secondari di sambuco. Questi componenti fenolici non antociani hanno un buon potenziale antiossidante sia in vitro e in vivo a causa delle loro proprietà riducenti (2). Sono presenti anche Quercetin e lo zucchero in misura di 65g/100g. Lo zucchero è composto principalmente da fruttosio e glucosio (3).
I principali composti polifenolici sono l'acido neoclorogenico, l'acido clorogenico, la rutina (4).
Usi e Benefici:
Funzioni INCI:
Agente condizionante della pelle. Rappresenta il perno del trattamento topico della pelle in quanto ha la funzione di ripristinare, aumentare o migliorare la tolleranza cutanea a fattori esterni, compresa la tolleranza dei melanociti. La funzione più importante dell'agente condizionante è prevenire la disidratazione della pelle, ma il tema è piuttosto complesso e coinvolge emollienti ed umettanti che possono essere aggiunti nella formulazione.
CAS 84603-58-7
EC number 283-259-4
Applicazioni:
Considerazioni Ambientali e di Sicurezza:
Bibliografia_________________________________________________________
(1) Lee J, Finn CE. Anthocyanins and other polyphenolics in American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) and European elderberry (S. nigra) cultivars. J Sci Food Agric. 2007;87:2665–2675. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.3029.
(2) Dawidowicz AL, Wianowska D, Baraniak B (2006) The antioxidant properties of alcoholic extracts from Sambucus nigra L. (antioxidant properties of extracts). LWT-Food Sci Technol 39:308–315
Abstract. The antioxidant properties of alcoholic extracts from the leaves, berries and flowers of Sambucus nigra L. are estimated by means of DPPHradical dot and β-carotene/linoleic acid methods, and considered in relation to the extraction temperature (in the range 20–200 °C) and to the level of flavonoids most representative for this plant. The extracts of S. nigra act as antioxidants neutralizing the activities of free radicals and inhibiting the co-oxidation reactions of linoleic acid and β-carotene. There is no direct correlation between the level of flavonoids in the extracts and their antioxidant activity. The data presented show that the extraction temperature strongly influences the antioxidant properties of the extracts, especially in the case of leaves.
(3) Veberic R., Jakopic J., Stampar F., Schmitzer V. European elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) rich in sugars, organic acids, anthocyanins and selected polyphenols. Food Chem. 2009;114:511–515. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.080.
Abstract. Sugars and organic acids in the fruit of two cultivars and three selections of black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.): ‘Haschberg’, ‘Rubini’, ‘Selection 13’, ‘Selection 14’ and ‘Selection 25’ were quantified. The anthocyanin as well as quercetin profiles of this plant material were also established by the use of HPLC/MS. Significant differences in the concentration of sugars and organic acids were detected between the widely spread cultivar ‘Haschberg’ and all other cultivars/selections; ‘Haschberg’ was the richest in organic acids (6.38 g kg−1 FW), and it contained the least sugar (68.5 g kg−1 FW). The following major cyanidin based anthocyanins were identified in the fruit of black elderberry: cyanidin 3-sambubioside-5-glucoside, cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin 3-sambubioside, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside. The most abundant anthocyanin in elderberry fruit was cyanidin 3-sambubioside, which accounted for more than half of all anthocyanins identified in the berries. The ‘Rubini’ cultivar had the highest amount of the anthocyanins identified (1265 mg/100 g FW) and the lowest amount was measured in berries of the ‘Selection 14’ (603 mg/100 g FW). The ‘Haschberg’ cultivar contained a relatively low amount of anthocyanins in ripe berries (737 mg/100 g FW). From the quercetin group, quercetin, quercetin 3-rutinoside and quercetin 3-glucoside were identified; the latter prevailing in black elderberry fruit. The cultivar with the highest amount of total quercetins was ‘Selection 25’ (73.4 mg/100 g FW), while the ‘Haschberg’ cultivar contained average amounts of quercetins (61.3 mg/100 g FW). The chemical composition of the ‘Haschberg’ cultivar, the most commonly planted, conforms to the standards for sugars, anthocyanins and quercetins and exceeds them in the content levels of organic acids, the most important parameter in fruit processing.
(4) Lee J., Finn C.E. Anthocyanins and other polyphenolics in American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) and European elderberry (S. nigra) cultivars. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2007;87:2665–2675. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.3029.
Abstract. BACKGROUND: Ten genotypes representing two elderberry species, Sambucus canadensis L. (eight genotypes) and S. nigra L. (two genotypes), were examined for their anthocyanins (ACY), total phenolics (TP),°Brix, titratable acidity (TA), and pH over two growing seasons. RESULTS: Overall, fruit generally had higher ACY, TP, ACY/TP,°Brix, and pH in 2005 than 2004. All samples of S. canadensis had similar anthocyanin profiles to one another, but were distinctly different from S. nigra. Both species had cyanidin-based anthocyanins as major pigments. Previously unreported anthocyanins were identified in some samples in this study. Trace levels of delphinidin 3-rutinoside were present in all elderberry samples except cv. ‘Korsør’. Also, petunidin 3-rutinoside was detected in cvs ‘Adams 2’, ‘Johns’, ‘Scotia’, ‘York’, and ‘Netzer’ (S. canadensis). The identified polyphenolics of both species were mainly composed of cinnamic acids and flavonol glycosides. The major polyphenolic compounds present in S. canadensis were neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and isorhamnetin 3-rutinoside, while chlorogenic acid and rutin were found to be major polyphenolic compounds in S. nigra. CONCLUSION: Sufficient variability was seen among these genotypes to suggest that a successful breeding program could be carried out to improve levels of the various compounds evaluated in this study. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
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