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 | "Descrizione" by A_Partyns (12876 pt) | 2023-Dec-11 16:13 |
| Evaluation | N. Experts | Evaluation | N. Experts |
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| 1 | 6 | ||
| 2 | 7 | ||
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Triacetin is a short-chain triglyceride, also known as glyceryl triacetate, is obtained by a chemical process of acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol.
The name defines the structure of the molecule:
The synthesis process takes place in several stages:
It is in the form of an odourless and colourless clear liquid, starts to sublimate when heated to 160°C and at 300°C, decomposes to chlorine and phosphorus trichloride. Soluble in water, soluble in carbon disulphide, carbon tetrachloride and benzoyl chloride. In moist air it is hydrolysed into phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid, producing white, irritating smoke.
What it is used for and where
Triacetin is often used as a food additive because of its wetting, solvent and plasticizer properties. In pharmaceuticals, it is used as a plasticizer in the production of gelatin capsules. In cosmetics, it is used for its moisturizing and emollient properties.
Medical
Triacetin is both the shortest chain triglyceride (SCT), which contains fatty acids with two carbon atoms, and the only triglyceride that is up to 6 per cent soluble in water. Its approval by the Food and Drug Administration as a safe human food ingredient has led to a series of studies examining its potential as a therapeutic agent (1).
Triacetin-mediated acetate supplementation may provide a new safe chemotherapeutic adjuvant to reduce the growth of glioma tumours, particularly the more rapidly proliferating glycolytic and hypoacetylated mesenchymal glioma tumours (2).
As a substrate for lipase determination.
Food
As a food additive, the influence of the choice of aromatic solvent between propylene glycol (PG) or triacetin (TA) was investigated during the accelerated shelf life test (ASL) of biscuits and tartlets. In particular, the differential effect on the stability of added vanillin, the natural baked marker compound 5- (hydroxymethyl) furfural (HMF), specific oxidative rancidity markers (2,4-decadienal, 2,4-heptadienal) and the structural parameters of hardness and fractureability. More HMF was formed during baking of biscuits prepared with TA; these biscuits were also more stable to oxidative degradation and vanillin loss during ageing than biscuits prepared with PG. Fresh TA biscuits were significantly more brittle than fresh PG biscuits. There was no impact of the choice of solvent on hardness. Sensory evaluation of hardness, vanilla flavour and oily note were tested during the ASL-tests. There was no significant impact on the retention of sensory ratings for PG or TA biscuits (3).
Labelled as a humectant with the number E1518 in the European food additives list. Used in cooking food and dairy products to promote fermentation.
Cosmetics and fragrances
Humectant, plasticiser, solvent and fixative for fragrances, also used in dye synthesis and perfume fixative.
Antimicrobial agent. This ingredient is able to suppress or inhibit the growth and replication of a broad spectrum of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses by making the stratum corneum temporarily bactericidal and fungicidal.
Film-forming agent. It produces, upon application, a very thin continuous film with an optimal balance of cohesion, adhesion and stickiness on skin, hair or nails to counteract or limit damage from external phenomena such as chemicals, UV rays and pollution.
Fragrance. It plays a decisive and important role in the formulation of cosmetic products as it provides the possibility of enhancing, masking or adding fragrance to the final product, increasing its marketability. It is able to create a perceptible pleasant odour, masking a bad smell. The consumer always expects to find a pleasant or distinctive scent in a cosmetic product.
Plasticiser. Ingredient added to the formulation with the purpose of retaining fragrance and colour, increasing flexibility, flowability, deformability, durability of various ingredients allowing better processing. It softens and makes flexible synthetic polymers that otherwise could not be easily processed, stretched or deformed.
Solvent. It is the substance for dissolving or dispersing surfactants, oils, dyes, flavourings, bactericidal preservatives in solution.In fact, it dissolves other components present in a cosmetic formulation. Solvents are generally liquid (aqueous and non-aqueous).
Other uses
Chromatographic fixative, solvent, hardener, curing agent that can absorb carbon dioxide from natural gas. Non-toxic and non-irritating. Environmentally friendly plasticiser containing no phthalates. can be used as a plasticiser and solvent of printing ink, nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, ethacellulose and ellulose acetate butyrate. In casting, it is used as a moulding sand hardener. Application generally takes place in a spray chamber where triacetin is applied to the filter in the form of an aqueous aerosol.
For more information: Triacetin studies
Typical commercial product characteristics Triacetin
| Appearance | Clear colorless liquid |
| Boiling Point | 258.0±0.0°C at 760 mmHg |
| Melting Point | 3°C(lit.) |
| Flash Point | 148.9±0.0°C |
| Density | 1.2±0.1 g/cm3 |
| Acidity | ≤0.005% |
| Arsenic | ≤1 ppm |
| Heavy metal Pb | ≤5 ppm |
| Sulphated Ash | ≤0.02% |
| Water | ≤0.05% |
| Arsenic | ≤1 ppm |
| Heavy Metals (As Pb) | ≤5 ppm |
| Viscosity | 21-30 at 20°C |
| PSA | 78.90000 |
| LogP | -0.24 |
| Refraction Index | 1.435 |
| Vapor density | 7.52 |
| Vapor Pressure | 0.0±0.5 mmHg at 25°C |
| Water Solubility | 64.0 g/L (20 ºC) |
| Specific Gravity | 1.159-1.164 |
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Synonyms :
References_______________________________________________________________
(1) Oosaka K, Tokuda M, Furukawa N. Intra-gastric triacetin alters upper gastrointestinal motility in conscious dogs. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jan 28;20(4):1054-60. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i4.1054.
Abstract. Aim: To examine the effect of intra-gastric triacetin on both upper gastrointestinal motility and proximal gastric tone in conscious dogs....Conclusion: Intra-gastric infusion of 1.0%-2.0% triacetin delays gastric emptying by increasing proximal stomach receptive volume, temporarily inhibiting gastric antral contractions and facilitating duodenal contractions.
(2) Tsen AR, Long PM, Driscoll HE, Davies MT, Teasdale BA, Penar PL, Pendlebury WW, Spees JL, Lawler SE, Viapiano MS, Jaworski DM. Triacetin-based acetate supplementation as a chemotherapeutic adjuvant therapy in glioma. Int J Cancer. 2014 Mar 15;134(6):1300-10. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28465.
Abstract. Cancer is associated with epigenetic (i.e., histone hypoacetylation) and metabolic (i.e., aerobic glycolysis) alterations. Levels of N-acetyl-L-aspartate (NAA), the primary storage form of acetate in the brain, and aspartoacylase (ASPA), the enzyme responsible for NAA catalysis to generate acetate, are reduced in glioma; yet, few studies have investigated acetate as a potential therapeutic agent. This preclinical study sought to test the efficacy of the food additive Triacetin (glyceryl triacetate, GTA) as a novel therapy to increase acetate bioavailability in glioma cells. The growth-inhibitory effects of GTA, compared to the histone deacetylase inhibitor Vorinostat (SAHA), were assessed in established human glioma cell lines (HOG and Hs683 oligodendroglioma, U87 and U251 glioblastoma) and primary tumor-derived glioma stem-like cells (GSCs), relative to an oligodendrocyte progenitor line (Oli-Neu), normal astrocytes, and neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro. GTA was also tested as a chemotherapeutic adjuvant with temozolomide (TMZ) in orthotopically grafted GSCs. GTA-induced cytostatic growth arrest in vitro comparable to Vorinostat, but, unlike Vorinostat, GTA did not alter astrocyte growth and promoted NSC expansion. GTA alone increased survival of mice engrafted with glioblastoma GSCs and potentiated TMZ to extend survival longer than TMZ alone. GTA was most effective on GSCs with a mesenchymal cell phenotype. Given that GTA has been chronically administered safely to infants with Canavan disease, a leukodystrophy due to ASPA mutation, GTA-mediated acetate supplementation may provide a novel, safe chemotherapeutic adjuvant to reduce the growth of glioma tumors, most notably the more rapidly proliferating, glycolytic and hypoacetylated mesenchymal glioma tumors. © 2013 UICC.
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