"Descrizione" by Nat45 (5725 pt) | 2024-Oct-28 08:54 |
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Il Cardo Mariano (Silybum marianum) è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia delle Asteraceae, originaria della regione mediterranea. È molto apprezzata nella medicina tradizionale per le sue proprietà epatoprotettive. La pianta è caratterizzata da foglie spinate e fiori viola che fioriscono in estate.
Silybum marianum è noto per contenere silimarina, un gruppo di flavonolignani che sono il principale componente attivo della pianta:
Silimarina: È una miscela di flavonolignani, principalmente costituita da:
Acidi Fenolici: Inclusi acido caffeico e acido ferulico, noti per le loro proprietà antiossidanti.
Flavonoidi: Apigenina e luteolina, che offrono ulteriori benefici antiossidanti e anti-infiammatori.
Usi Medicinali:
Usi Alimentari:
Applicazioni Cosmetiche:
Funzioni INCI:
Agente condizionante della pelle. Rappresenta il perno del trattamento topico della pelle in quanto ha la funzione di ripristinare, aumentare o migliorare la tolleranza cutanea a fattori esterni, compresa la tolleranza dei melanociti. La funzione più importante dell'agente condizionante è prevenire la disidratazione della pelle, ma il tema è piuttosto complesso e coinvolge emollienti ed umettanti che possono essere aggiunti nella formulazione.
Protettivo della pelle. Crea una barriera protettiva sulla pelle per difenderla da sostanze nocive, irritanti, allergeni, agenti patogeni che possono provocare varie condizioni infiammatorie. Questi prodotti possono anche migliorare la barriera cutanea naturale e nella maggior parte dei casi ne occorrono più di uno per raggiungere un risultato efficace.
Studi
Sono presenti nella corteccia alcuni flavonolignani interessanti : silibinin, isosilybin, silydianin, and silychristin. I flavonolignani sono composti da flavoni e lignani ed esercitano attività antiossidante ed epatoprotettiva.
Bibliografia_________________________________
Lee J. I., Narayan M., Barrett J. S. Analysis and comparison of active constituents in commercial standardized silymarin extracts by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B. 2007;845(1):95–103. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.063.
Abstract. A sensitive method for the simultaneous quantitation of six active constituents in commercial silymarin standardized extracts was developed based on liquid chromatography (LC) in combination with mass spectrometry (MS). The six main active constituents, namely, silydianin, silychristin, diastereoisomers of silybin (silybin A and B), and diastereoisomers of isosilybin (isosilybin A and B) were completely separated and quantified by LC/MS. Silymarin obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. was evaluated and used as standard reference material for the six individual constituents in comparing the relative content of silymarin and the relative ratio of each constituent in commercial standardized silymarin extracts, respectively. Significant variation was found between different commercial silymarin sources. As a result, this method has proven useful in evaluating and quantifying the six active constituents in commercial milk thistle extracts. The calibration curves were over the range from 0.25 to 100 microg/mL for silychristin and silydianin, and from 0.10 to 100 microg/mL for silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A and isosilybin B, respectively (r(2)> or =0.9958). For all six active constituents, the overall intra-day precision values, based on the relative standard deviation replicate for four QC levels, ranged from 1.18% to 12.4% and accuracy ranged from 89.4% to 112%. This methodology could easily be incorporated into standardized testing to assess content uniformity including lot-to-lot variation as part of routine process controls as well as a means to describe cross-product variation among the exiting marketed formulations.
Wang X, Zhang Z, Wu SC. Health Benefits of Silybum marianum: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Applications. J Agric Food Chem. 2020 Oct 21;68(42):11644-11664. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04791.
Abstract. Silybum marianum (SM), a well-known plant used as both a medicine and a food, has been widely used to treat various diseases, especially hepatic diseases. The seeds and fruits of SM contain a flavonolignan complex called silymarin, the active compounds of which include silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, dihydrosilybin, silydianin, and so on. In this review, we thoroughly summarize high-quality publications related to the pharmacological effects and underlying mechanisms of SM. SM has antimicrobial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular-protective, neuroprotective, skin-protective, antidiabetic, and other effects. Importantly, SM also counteracts the toxicities of antibiotics, metals, and pesticides. The diverse pharmacological activities of SM provide scientific evidence supporting its use in both humans and animals. Multiple signaling pathways associated with oxidative stress and inflammation are the common molecular targets of SM. Moreover, the flavonolignans of SM are potential agonists of PPARγ and ABCA1, PTP1B inhibitors, and metal chelators. At the end of the review, the potential and perspectives of SM are discussed, and these insights are expected to facilitate the application of SM and the discovery and development of new drugs. We conclude that SM is an interesting dietary medicine for health enhancement and drug discovery and warrants further investigation.
Bijak M. Silybin, a Major Bioactive Component of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaernt.)-Chemistry, Bioavailability, and Metabolism. Molecules. 2017 Nov 10;22(11):1942. doi: 10.3390/molecules22111942.
Abstract. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a medicinal plant that has been used for thousands of years as a remedy for a variety of ailments. The main component of S. marianum fruit extract (silymarin) is a flavonolignan called silybin, which is not only the major silymarin element but is also the most active ingredient of this extract, which has been confirmed in various studies. This compound belongs to the flavonoid group known as flavonolignans. Silybin's structure consists in two main units. The first is based on a taxifolin, the second a phenyllpropanoid unit, which in this case is conyferil alcohol. These two units are linked together into one structure by an oxeran ring. Since the 1970s, silybin has been regarded in official medicine as a substance with hepatoprotective properties. There is a large body of research that demonstrates silybin's many other healthy properties, but there are still a lack of papers focused on its molecular structure, chemistry, metabolism, and novel form of administration. Therefore, the aim of this paper is a literature review presenting and systematizing our knowledge of the silybin molecule, with particular emphasis on its structure, chemistry, bioavailability, and metabolism.
Pickova D, Ostry V, Toman J, Malir F. Presence of Mycotoxins in Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Food Supplements: A Review. Toxins (Basel). 2020 Dec 8;12(12):782. doi: 10.3390/toxins12120782.
Abstract. The consumption of herbal-based supplements, which are believed to have beneficial effects on human health with no side effects, has become popular around the world and this trend is still increasing. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, commonly known as milk thistle (MT), is the most commonly studied herb associated with the treatment of liver diseases. The hepatoprotective effects of active substances in silymarin, with silybin being the main compound, have been demonstrated in many studies. However, MT can be affected by toxigenic micro-fungi and contaminated by mycotoxins with adverse effects. The beneficial effect of silymarin can thus be reduced or totally antagonized by mycotoxins. MT has proven to be affected by micro-fungi of the Fusarium and Alternaria genera, in particular, and their mycotoxins. Alternariol-methyl-ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), beauvericin (BEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), enniatin A (ENNA), enniatin A1 (ENNA1), enniatin B (ENNB), enniatin B1 (ENNB1), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2), tentoxin (TEN), and zearalenone (ZEA) seem to be most significant in MT-based dietary supplements. This review focuses on summarizing cases of mycotoxins in MT to emphasize the need for strict monitoring and regulation, as mycotoxins in relation with MT-based dietary supplements are not covered by European Union legislation.
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