In recent years, there has been an increase in allergic diseases such as dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis. This comes not only from environmental factors, but also from the critical chemical compounds that we frequently find everywhere, in soaps, deodorants and even in medicinal tablets and drops. All of this has contributed to mortality and morbidity worldwide.

Chirality plays an important role in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various pharmaceutical agents. The importance of stereoisomeric purity in the pharmacologic industry has increased during the past decade as demonstrated by the increased number of studies that examined the in vivo and in vitro effects produced by changes in stereoconfiguration of pharmaceutical agents. This review highlights such effects in certain frequently used medications used in the treatment of asthma and various allergic and immunologic disorders (1).

Allergy, IgE-mediated inflammatory disorders including allergic rhinitis, asthma, and conjunctivitis, affects billions of people worldwide. Conventional means of allergy management include allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy, and emerging therapies. Among them, chemotherapeutant intake via oral, intravenous, and intranasal routes is always the most common mean. Although current pharmacotherapy exhibit splendid anti-allergic effects, short in situ retention, low bioavailability, and systemic side effects are inevitable. Nowadays, nanoplatforms have provided alternative therapeutic options to obviate the existing weakness via enhancing the solubility of hydrophobic therapeutic agents, achieving in situ drug accumulation, exhibiting controlled and long-time drug release at lesion areas, and providing multi-functional therapeutic strategies. Herein, we highlight the clinical therapeutic strategies and deal with characteristics of the nanoplatform design in allergy interventions via intratracheal, gastrointestinal, intravenous, and ocular paths. The promising therapeutic utilization in a variety of allergic disorders is discussed, and recent perspectives on the feasible advances of nanoplatforms in allergy management are also exploited (2).

Components that help in antiallergic action are substances that can contribute to reducing or preventing allergic reactions. Here are some examples

• Antihistamines. Medications like cetirizine and loratadine can relieve allergic symptoms by blocking the action of histamine.
• Nasal Corticosteroids. Such as fluticasone and mometasone, reduce inflammation in the nasal passages.
• Montelukast. A leukotriene antagonist that can help control allergic reactions, especially in cases of allergic asthma.
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Found in fatty fish and flaxseeds, they can reduce inflammation associated with allergies.
• Probiotics. Help strengthen the immune system and can reduce sensitivity to allergies.

• Vitamin C. An antioxidant that can help reduce allergy symptoms.
• Quercetin. A flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables that may have antihistamine properties.
• Green Tea. Contains antioxidants that can help reduce allergic inflammation.
• Bromelain. An enzyme found in pineapple that can reduce nasal and respiratory inflammation.
• Chamomile. Has anti-inflammatory properties and can help soothe allergic reactions.

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Components that can contribute to or exacerbate allergies include various factors that can increase sensitivity or allergic reactivity. Here are some examples

• Pollen. The presence of pollen in the air can trigger seasonal allergic reactions.
• Dust Mites. Tiny organisms in household dust that can cause allergies.
• Animal Dander. Dander or hairs from pets can be common allergens.
• Molds. Mold spores in the environment can cause allergic reactions.
• Specific Foods. Foods like peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, and seafood can trigger food allergies.
• Environmental Pollutants. Substances like cigarette smoke and exhaust gases can aggravate respiratory allergies.
• Chemicals and Fragrances. Chemicals in detergents, cosmetics, and perfumes can trigger allergic reactions.
• Latex. Latex can cause allergic reactions in some people.
• Climate Changes. Changes in temperature and humidity can affect the spread of allergens.

Compendium of the most significant studies

Hogan Ii RB, Hogan Iii RB, Cannon T, Rappai M, Studdard J, Paul D, Dooley TP. Dual-histamine receptor blockade with cetirizine - famotidine reduces pulmonary symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2020 Aug;63:101942. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101942.

Li QS, Wang YQ, Liang YR, Lu JL. The anti-allergic potential of tea: a review of its components, mechanisms and risks. Food Funct. 2021 Jan 7;12(1):57-69. doi: 10.1039/d0fo02091e.

Shams MH, Jafari R, Eskandari N, Masjedi M, Kheirandish F, Ganjalikhani Hakemi M, Ghasemi R, Varzi AM, Sohrabi SM, Baharvand PA, Safari M. Anti-allergic effects of vitamin E in allergic diseases: An updated review. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021 Jan;90:107196. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107196. 

Nieto A, Nieto M, Mazón Á. The clinical evidence of second-generation H1-antihistamines in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria in children over 2 years with a special focus on rupatadine. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2021 Mar;22(4):511-519. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1830970.

Zhang W, Tang R, Ba G, Li M, Lin H. Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol via inhibiting TXNIP-oxidative stress pathway in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. World Allergy Organ J. 2020 Oct 22;13(10):100473. doi: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100473.

Sandner G, Heckmann M, Weghuber J. Immunomodulatory Activities of Selected Essential Oils. Biomolecules. 2020 Aug 3;10(8):1139. doi: 10.3390/biom10081139.

Jafarinia M, Sadat Hosseini M, Kasiri N, Fazel N, Fathi F, Ganjalikhani Hakemi M, Eskandari N. Quercetin with the potential effect on allergic diseases. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2020 May 14;16:36. doi: 10.1186/s13223-020-00434-0.

References_______________________________________________________________________

(1) Bielory L, Leonov A. Stereoconfiguration of antiallergic and immunologic drugs. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008 Jan;100(1):1-8; quiz 8-11, 36. doi: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60396-1.

(2) Fan PS, Sun MJ, Qin D, Yuan CS, Chen XG, Liu Y. Nanosystems as curative platforms for allergic disorder management. J Mater Chem B. 2021 Feb 25;9(7):1729-1744. doi: 10.1039/d0tb02590a.