Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Wang W, Xiong P, Zhang H, Zhu Q, Liao C, Jiang G. Analysis, occurrence, toxicity and environmental health risks of synthetic phenolic antioxidants: A review. Environ Res. 2021 Jun 16:111531. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111531.

Bieberich AA, Rajwa B, Irvine A, Fatig RO 3rd, Fekete A, Jin H, Kutlina E, Urban L. Acute cell stress screen with supervised machine learning predicts cytotoxicity of excipients. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2021 Jun 15:107088. doi: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.107088.

Xu X, Liu A, Hu S, Ares I, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Wang X, Martínez M, Anadón A, Martínez MA. Synthetic phenolic antioxidants: Metabolism, hazards and mechanism of action. Food Chem. 2021 Aug 15;353:129488. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129488.

Jenic D, Waller H, Collins H, Erridge C. Reversal of Tetracycline Resistance by Cepharanthine, Cinchonidine, Ellagic Acid and Propyl Gallate in a Multi-drug Resistant Escherichia coli. Nat Prod Bioprospect. 2021 Jun;11(3):345-355. doi: 10.1007/s13659-020-00280-y.

Park WH. Propyl gallate reduces the growth of lung cancer cells through caspase‑dependent apoptosis and G1 phase arrest of the cell cycle. Oncol Rep. 2020 Dec;44(6):2783-2791. doi: 10.3892/or.2020.7815.

Wei PL, Huang CY, Chang YJ. Propyl gallate inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth through the induction of ROS and the activation of autophagy. PLoS One. 2019 Jan 17;14(1):e0210513. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210513.

Li Q, Pu H, Tang P, Tang B, Sun Q, Li H. Propyl gallate/cyclodextrin supramolecular complexes with enhanced solubility and radical scavenging capacity. Food Chem. 2018 Apr 15;245:1062-1069. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.065.

Cui H, Tao F, Hou Y, Lu Y, Zheng T, Sang S, Lv L. Dual effects of propyl gallate and its methylglyoxal adduct on carbonyl stress and oxidative stress. Food Chem. 2018 Nov 1;265:227-232. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.045. 

Ham J, Lim W, Park S, Bae H, You S, Song G. Synthetic phenolic antioxidant propyl gallate induces male infertility through disruption of calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function. Environ Pollut. 2019 May;248:845-856. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.087.

Wang J, Lu Y, Zheng T, Sang S, Lv L. Scavenging of Acrolein by Food-Grade Antioxidant Propyl Gallate in a Model Reaction System and Cakes. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Aug 7;67(31):8520-8526. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03486.

Yang JT, Lee IN, Lu FJ, Chung CY, Lee MH, Cheng YC, Chen KT, Chen CH. Propyl Gallate Exerts an Antimigration Effect on Temozolomide-Treated Malignant Glioma Cells through Inhibition of ROS and the NF-κB Pathway. J Immunol Res. 2017;2017:9489383. doi: 10.1155/2017/9489383. 

Perez A, Basketter DA, White IR, McFadden J. Positive rates to propyl gallate on patch testing: a change in trend. Contact Dermatitis. 2008 Jan;58(1):47-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01150.x.

Eleftheriadis T, Antoniadi G, Liakopoulos V, Tsiandoulas A, Barboutis K, Stefanidis I. Propyl gallate-induced platelet aggregation in patients with end-stage renal disease: the influence of the haemodialysis procedure. Nephrology (Carlton). 2006 Feb;11(1):3-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2006.00526.x. 

Yang C, Lim W, Bazer FW, Song G. Propyl gallate induces cell death and inhibits invasion of human trophoblasts by blocking the AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017 Nov;109(Pt 1):497-504. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.09.049.