Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Medicine

Vizzari G, Sommariva MC, Dei Cas M, Bertoli S, Vizzuso S, Radaelli G, Battezzati A, Paroni R, Verduci E. Circulating Salicylic Acid and Metabolic Profile after 1-Year Nutritional⁻Behavioral Intervention in Children with Obesity. Nutrients. 2019 May 16;11(5):1091. doi: 10.3390/nu11051091.

Abstract. Objectives and Study: Salicylic acid (SA), a phenolic compound produced by plants, may play a beneficial role on health. A pilot study showed that children with obesity had lower serum SA than normal-weight children. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effect of a 1-year nutritional-behavioral intervention on serum SA levels and to study a possible association between SA levels and metabolic profile changes in children with obesity....Conclusion: Nutritional-behavioral intervention may improve the circulating SA and the metabolic profile in children with obesity. Serum SA could influence mainly glucose metabolism. Further larger studies are needed to evaluate whether a nutritional intervention based on specific advice regarding the quantity and type of fruit and vegetables (FV) consumption could provide benefits in terms of metabolic syndrome.

Diluvio L, Lanna C, Lozzi F, Palumbo V, Bianchi L, Campione E. Basal cell carcinomas treated with 0.5% 5-fluorouracil and 10% salicylic acid topical solution. Dermatol Ther. 2019 May;32(3):e12908. doi: 10.1111/dth.12908.

Abstract. ...In this article, we reported superficial Basal cell carcinomas clinical and dermoscopic outcomes in two patients treated with this new topical agent, to assess its role in treating these lesions and to point out dermoscopy's usefulness in supporting clinical diagnosis and excluding tumor persistence or recurrence. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Guenzle J, Garrelfs NWC, Goeldner JM, Weyerbrock A. Cyclooxygenase (COX) Inhibition by Acetyl Salicylic Acid (ASA) Enhances Antitumor Effects of Nitric Oxide in Glioblastoma In Vitro. Mol Neurobiol. 2019 Sep;56(9):6046-6055. doi: 10.1007/s12035-019-1513-6. 

Abstract. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive brain tumor with a high recurrence rate and a median survival of about 16 months even with multimodal therapy. Novel experimental strategies against malignant gliomas include cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and nitric oxide (NO)-based therapies. Therapeutic doses of NO can be delivered to tumor cells by NO donors such as JS-K (O2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)1-[(4-ethoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate) which releases NO upon enzymatic activation by glutathione S-transferase. COX-2 is frequently overexpressed in tumors and increases tumor invasiveness and angiogenesis. In this study, we show that pretreatment with acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) enhanced the cytotoxic antitumor effect of NO in vitro. Combination of low doses of JS-K and ASA revealed a dose-dependent synergistic increase of necrotic cell death under circumvention of classical apoptosis and alteration of the metabolic calcium level. These findings provide an opportunity to improve currently used therapeutic strategies in the treatment of gliomas with a well-established remedy.

Librando A, Carlesimo SC, Albanese G, Albanese GM, Migliorini R, Pacella E. Effectiveness of 0.1% topical salicylic acid on blepharoconjunctivitis affecting glaucoma patients treated with topical prostaglandin analogues: a prospective randomized trial. Int J Ophthalmol. 2018 Dec 18;11(12):1936-1940. doi: 10.18240/ijo.2018.12.10. 

Abstract. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of 0.1% topical salicylic acid (TSA) to treat iatrogenic chronic blepharoconjunctivitis in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), treated with topical prostaglandin analogues (TPAs).....Conclusion: The 0.1% TSA has proved to be an effective anti-inflammatory treatment of blepharoconjunctivitis affecting glaucoma patients on therapy with TPAs, leading to a sizeable decrease of inflammation as well as both quantitative and qualitative improvement of tear film. Furthermore, differently from 0.1% TCB, it does not induce any significant IOP increase.

Agriculture

Janda T, Szalai G, Pál M. Salicylic Acid Signalling in Plants. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Apr 10;21(7):2655. doi: 10.3390/ijms21072655. 

Abstract. Salicylic acid (SA) is ubiquitously distributed in the whole plant kingdom. The basal level of SA differs widely among species. It is generally present either in the free fraction or in the form of glycosylated, methylated, glucose-ester, or amino acid conjugates. In plants, SA can be synthesized via two distinct and compartmentalized enzymatic pathways, both requiring the primary metabolite chorismate. l-phenylalanine, derived from chorismate, can be converted into SA via the precursors free benzoic acid, benzoyl glucose, or ortho-hydroxy-cinnamic acid, depending on the plant species....

Pokotylo I, Kravets V, Ruelland E. Salicylic Acid Binding Proteins (SABPs): The Hidden Forefront of Salicylic Acid Signalling. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Sep 6;20(18):4377. doi: 10.3390/ijms20184377.

Abstract. Salicylic acid (SA) is a phytohormone that plays important roles in many aspects of plant life, notably in plant defenses against pathogens. Key mechanisms of SA signal transduction pathways have now been uncovered. Even though details are still missing, we understand how SA production is regulated and which molecular machinery is implicated in the control of downstream transcriptional responses. The NPR1 pathway has been described to play the main role in SA transduction. However, the mode of SA perception is unclear. NPR1 protein has been shown to bind SA. Nevertheless, NPR1 action requires upstream regulatory events (such as a change in cell redox status). Besides, a number of SA-induced responses are independent from NPR1. This shows that there is more than one way for plants to perceive SA. Indeed, multiple SA-binding proteins of contrasting structures and functions have now been identified. Yet, all of these proteins can be considered as candidate SA receptors and might have a role in multinodal (decentralized) SA input. This phenomenon is unprecedented for other plant hormones and is a point of discussion of this review.

Smoleń S, Kowalska I, Kováčik P, Halka M, Sady W. Biofortification of Six Varieties of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) With Iodine and Selenium in Combination With the Application of Salicylic Acid. Front Plant Sci. 2019 Feb 19;10:143. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00143.

Abstract. The agrotechnical methods of biofortification of plants, i.e., enriching them in iodine (I) and selenium (Se) could be effective methods to enrich food products in these elements. The advantage of agrotechnical methods of biofortification is the incorporation of elements in organic compounds in plants; therefore, they have better health-promoting properties than pure technical salts. Two-year studies were conducted in a greenhouse with hydroponic cultivation of three botanical varieties of lettuce in an NFT (nutrient film technique) system: two cultivars butterhead lettuces (abb. BUTL) 'Cud Voorburgu' and 'Zimująca,' two cultivars iceberg lettuces (abb. ICEL) 'Maugli' and 'Królowa lata' (all this four cultivars are classified as Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) as well two cultivars Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa L. cultivars (abb. REDL) 'Lollo rossa' and 'Redin' having little red leaves. ...The obtained results indicate that the introduction of SA to the nutrient solutions in hydroponic systems may allow an improve the effectiveness of - biofortification.

Pérez-Llorca M, Muñoz P, Müller M, Munné-Bosch S. Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Function of Auxin, Salicylic Acid and Melatonin in Climacteric and Non-climacteric Fruits. Front Plant Sci. 2019 Feb 18;10:136. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00136.

Abstract. Climacteric and non-climacteric fruits are differentiated by the ripening process, in particular by the involvement of ethylene, high respiration rates and the nature of the process, being autocatalytic or not, respectively. Here, we focus on the biosynthesis, metabolism and function of three compounds (auxin, salicylic acid and melatonin) sharing not only a common precursor (chorismate), but also regulatory functions in plants, and therefore in fruits. Aside from describing their biosynthesis in plants, with a particular emphasis on common precursors and points of metabolic diversion, we will discuss recent advances on their role in fruit ripening and the regulation of bioactive compounds accumulation, both in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits.

Veterinary medicine

Persson Y, Jansson Mörk M, Pringle M, Bergsten C. A Case-Series Report on The Use of a Salicylic Acid Bandage as a Non-Antibiotic Treatment for Early Detected, Non-Complicated Interdigital Phlegmon in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel). 2019 Mar 29;9(4):129. doi: 10.3390/ani9040129. 

Abstract. Interdigital phlegmon (IP) is an important cause of lameness in cattle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment effect of a salicylic acid bandage in the interdigital space in dairy cows with early detected IP. Dairy cows (n = 109) with IP diagnosed and treated by the farmer were included in the study. On day 0, the rectal temperature, general condition, coronary circumference, and lameness score were recorded. The cow was immobilized in a trimming chute and the interdigital space was cleaned and inspected. For treatment, 1⁻2 tablespoons of 100% salicylic acid powder were applied into the interdigital space followed by bandaging of the hoof. On days 1⁻2 and days 3⁻5, the rectal temperature, the general condition, and the lameness score were recorded. On days 3⁻5, the cow was restrained, the bandage was taken off, and the coronary circumference was recorded again. Treatment of IP with salicylic acid gave a satisfactory treatment result. Within three⁻five days, treated cows responded with reduced lameness, lower body temperature, decreased coronary swelling, and an improved general condition compared to the day when the treatment started. Salicylic acid therefore proved to be an alternative in the treatment of early-detected non-complicated IP.

Fadok VA, Irwin K. Sodium Hypochlorite/Salicylic Acid Shampoo for Treatment of Canine Staphylococcal Pyoderma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2019 May/Jun;55(3):117-123. doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6628.

 Abstract. The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius has increased the interest in topical therapy for treating canine pyoderma. Shampooing with chlorhexidine followed by dilute bleach rinses are often recommended, but household bleach can dry the skin and is unpleasant to use. A shampoo formulated with sodium hypochlorite and salicylic acid was evaluated as sole therapy for dogs with superficial pyoderma associated with S. pseudintermedius, including methicillin-resistant strains. Client-owned dogs were recruited based on positive culture for methicillin-resistant staphylococci or prior failure of pyoderma to respond to antibiotics. This prospective, open-label pilot study assessed the efficacy of the shampoo when used three times weekly for 4 wk. Dogs were evaluated at baseline and at 2 and 4 wk by cytology, clinical examination, and owner assessment. Digital images were also obtained. Baseline bacterial counts, clinical assessments and owner scores were significantly improved at 2 and 4 wk. Clients completing the study reported excellent lathering and dispersion, reduction in odor, and brightening of white and light coats. No owners reported skin dryness or other adverse events during the study. We conclude that this shampoo containing sodium hypochlorite in a vehicle that avoids skin drying is an effective treatment for canine pyoderma.