Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Kurlandsky SB, Duell EA, Kang S, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ. Auto-regulation of retinoic acid biosynthesis through regulation of retinol esterification in human keratinocytes. J Biol Chem. 1996 Jun 28;271(26):15346-52. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.26.15346. 

Abstract. In this report, we describe an auto-regulatory loop in human keratinocytes, whereby all-trans retinoic acid (retinoic acid) regulates its own biosynthesis from all-trans retinol (retinol) through regulation of retinol esterification.

Fu PP, Xia Q, Boudreau MD, Howard PC, Tolleson WH, Wamer WG. Physiological role of retinyl palmitate in the skin. Vitam Horm. 2007;75:223-56. doi: 10.1016/S0083-6729(06)75009-9. 

Abstract. While much is known about the molecular events through which retinoids affect the skin's responses, more remains to be learned. Interest in the effects of retinol, retinyl palmitate, and other retinoids on the skin, fueled in part by the promise of improved dermatologic and cosmetic products, will undoubtedly make the effects of retinoids on skin a subject for continued intense investigation.

Souganidis E, Laillou A, Leyvraz M, Moench-Pfanner R. A comparison of retinyl palmitate and red palm oil β-carotene as strategies to address Vitamin A deficiency. Nutrients. 2013 Aug 15;5(8):3257-71. doi: 10.3390/nu5083257.

Abstract. Vitamin A deficiency continues to be an international public health problem with several important health consequences including blindness and overall increased rates of morbidity and mortality. To address this widespread issue, a series of strategies have been put into place from dietary diversification to supplementation and fortification programs. 

Gronowska-Senger A, Burzykowska K, Przepiórka M. Palmitynian retinylu a redukcja stresu oksydacyjnego u szczurów. Retinyl palmitate and oxidative stress reduction in rats. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2010;61(1):21-5. 

Abstract. The level of retinol, lipid peroxides, antioxidant potential in serum and retinyl esters in liver were measured. It was shown that retinyl palmitate reduced oxidative stress, independently to its daily dose.

Nandy A, Lee E, Mandal A, Saremi R, Sharma S. Microencapsulation of retinyl palmitate by melt dispersion for cosmetic application. J Microencapsul. 2020 May;37(3):205-219. doi: 10.1080/02652048.2020.1720029. 

Abstract. Retinyl palmitate was encapsulated in wax matrix by melt dispersion for the purpose of economic and sustainable cosmeceutical formulation with minimum use of synthetic chemicals. We evaluated the effect of different process variables of microencapsulation by melt dispersion. 

Teixeira Z, Dreiss CA, Lawrence MJ, Heenan RK, Machado D, Justo GZ, Guterres SS, Durán N. Retinyl palmitate polymeric nanocapsules as carriers of bioactives. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2012 Sep 15;382(1):36-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.05.042.

Abstract. Nanocapsules containing poly(d,l-lactide) shell and retinyl palmitate core have been prepared by the pre-formed polymer interfacial deposition method.

Pirazzi C, Valenti L, Motta BM, Pingitore P, Hedfalk K, Mancina RM, Burza MA, Indiveri C, Ferro Y, Montalcini T, Maglio C, Dongiovanni P, Fargion S, Rametta R, Pujia A, Andersson L, Ghosal S, Levin M, Wiklund O, Iacovino M, Borén J, Romeo S. PNPLA3 has retinyl-palmitate lipase activity in human hepatic stellate cells. Hum Mol Genet. 2014 Aug 1;23(15):4077-85. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu121.

Abstract. We hypothesize that the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) protein is involved in retinol metabolism in HSCs. We tested our hypothesis both in primary human HSCs and in a human cohort of subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (N = 146).

Dufour EK, Whitwell J, Nohynek GJ, Kirkland D, Toutain H. Retinyl palmitate is non-genotoxic in Chinese hamster ovary cells in the dark or after pre-irradiation or simultaneous irradiation with UV light. Mutat Res. 2009 Jan;672(1):21-6. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.09.019.

Abstract. Retinyl palmitate (RP), an ingredient of cosmetic and medical skin-care preparations, has been reported to be photo-genotoxic/photo-clastogenic in mouse lymphoma cells (Tk locus) as well as in human Jurkat T-cells, as measured by use of the comet assay.