Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Salusjärvi L, Havukainen S, Koivistoinen O, Toivari M. Biotechnological production of glycolic acid and ethylene glycol: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019 Mar;103(6):2525-2535. doi: 10.1007/s00253-019-09640-2

Abstract. Here, we describe the recent advancement in metabolic engineering efforts focusing on metabolic pathways and engineering strategies used for Glycolic acid and Ethylene glycol production.

Sharad J. (2013). Glycolic acid peel therapy - a current review. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 6, 281–288. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S34029

Abstract. This review talks about various studies of glycolic acid peels for various indications, such as acne, acne scars, melasma, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, photoaging, and seborrhea. Combination therapies and treatment procedure are also discussed. 

Tung RC, Bergfeld WF, Vidimos AT, Remzi BK. alpha-Hydroxy acid-based cosmetic procedures. Guidelines for patient management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2000 Mar-Apr;1(2):81-8. doi: 10.2165/00128071-200001020-00002. 

Abstract. alpha-Hydroxy acid (AHA) peels and home regimens have recently been recognized as important adjunctive therapy in a variety of conditions including photodamage, actinic damage, melasma, hyperpigmentation disorders, acne, and rosacea. Overall in our experience and in the literature, AHAs have a proven level of safety and efficacy in a variety of skin types. 

Abels C, Kaszuba A, Michalak I, Werdier D, Knie U, Kaszuba A. A 10% glycolic acid containing oil-in-water emulsion improves mild acne: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2011 Sep;10(3):202-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2011.00572.x.

Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate an oil-in-water emulsion-containing 10% glycolic acid as monotherapy in mild acne regarding clinical efficacy and tolerability for 90 days.

Takenaka Y, Hayashi N, Takeda M, Ashikaga S, Kawashima M. Glycolic acid chemical peeling improves inflammatory acne eruptions through its inhibitory and bactericidal effects on Propionibacterium acnes. J Dermatol. 2012 Apr;39(4):350-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01321.x.

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to identify the mechanism of glycolic acid chemical peeling to improve inflammatory acne. 

Zhang Z, Yang Y, Wang Y, Gu J, Lu X, Liao X, Shi J, Kim CH, Lye G, Baganz F, Hao J. Ethylene glycol and glycolic acid production from xylonic acid by Enterobacter cloacae. Microb Cell Fact. 2020 Apr 15;19(1):89. doi: 10.1186/s12934-020-01347-8.

Abstract. Biological routes for ethylene glycol production have been developed in recent years by constructing the synthesis pathways in different microorganisms. However, no microorganisms have been reported yet to produce ethylene glycol naturally....A novel route of xylose biorefinery via xylonic acid as an intermediate has been established.

Sharad J. Glycolic acid peel therapy - a current review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2013 Nov 11;6:281-8. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S34029.

Abstract. This review talks about various studies of glycolic acid peels for various indications, such as acne, acne scars, melasma, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, photoaging, and seborrhea. Combination therapies and treatment procedure are also discussed.

Kapuścińska A, Nowak I. Zastosowanie kwasów organicznych w terapii trądziku i przebarwień skóry Use of organic acids in acne and skin discolorations therapy. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2015 Mar 22;69:374-83. doi: 10.5604/17322693.1145825. 

Abstract. In this article, a literature review of use of organic acids in acne and skin discoloration therapy is presented.

Kubiak M, Mucha P, Rotsztejn H. Comparative study of 15% trichloroacetic acid peel combined with 70% glycolic acid and 35% trichloroacetic acid peel for the treatment of photodamaged facial skin in aging women. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020 Jan;19(1):137-146. doi: 10.1111/jocd.13171.

Abstract. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of 15%  Trichloroacetic acid peel against the combined 70% glycolic acid and 35% Trichloroacetic acid for the treatment of photodamaged facial skin.

Babilas P, Knie U, Abels C. Cosmetic and dermatologic use of alpha hydroxy acids. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2012 Jul;10(7):488-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2012.07939.x. 

Abstract. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding chemistry, mechanism of action as well as the different indications ranging from cosmetic skin hydration to acne proven by clinical trials.

Borrego-Sánchez A, Sainz-Díaz CI, Perioli L, Viseras C. Theoretical Study of Retinol, Niacinamide and Glycolic Acid with Halloysite Clay Mineral as Active Ingredients for Topical Skin Care Formulations. Molecules. 2021 Jul 21;26(15):4392. doi: 10.3390/molecules26154392.

Abstract. The adsorption of retinol, niacinamide and glycolic acid active ingredients on the internal surface of halloysite in an aqueous environment was explored at the molecular level by means of calculations based on quantum mechanics and force fields from empirical interatomic potentials. These active ingredients are stably adsorbed on the internal surface of halloysite forming hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms with the hydroxyl groups of the inner surface of the halloysite.

Kumbar SG, Nukavarapu SP, James R, Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Electrospun poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds for skin tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2008 Oct;29(30):4100-7. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.06.028.

Abstract. Electrospun fiber matrices composed of scaffolds of varying fiber diameters were investigated for potential application of severe skin loss. Few systematic studies have been performed to examine the effect of varying fiber diameter electrospun fiber matrices for skin regeneration.