Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Fangaia SIG, Nicolau PMG, Guerra FADRA, Rodrigo MM, Utzeri G, Cabral AMTDPV, Valente AJM, Esteso MA, Ribeiro ACF. Effect of Cobalt and Chromium Ions on the Chlorhexidine Digluconate as Seen by Intermolecular Diffusion. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Dec 9;22(24):13266. doi: 10.3390/ijms222413266. 

Abstract. The effect of the chlorhexidine digluconate, which is commonly used in mouthwash formulations, on the transport of these salts is evaluated in this paper by using the Taylor dispersion technique, which will allow an assessment of how the presence of chlorhexidine digluconate (either in aqueous solution or in a commercial formulation) may affect the diffusion of metal ions. 

Kapralos V, Rukke HV, Ørstavik D, Koutroulis A, Camilleri J, Sunde PT. Antimicrobial and physicochemical characterization of endodontic sealers after exposure to chlorhexidine digluconate. Dent Mater. 2021 Feb;37(2):249-263. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.11.011.

Abstract. Assess the antibacterial, physical and chemical properties of AH Plus, BioRoot RCS and Pulp Canal Sealer (PCS) in contact with 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) used as final irrigant prior to root canal obturation.

Alvendal C, Mohanty S, Bohm-Starke N, Brauner A. Anti-biofilm activity of chlorhexidine digluconate against Candida albicans vaginal isolates. PLoS One. 2020 Sep 17;15(9):e0238428. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238428.

Abstract. Candida albicans is the main pathogen associated with both sporadic and recurrent candidiasis. Due to unsatisfactory treatment effect, the impact of chlorhexidine digluconate and fluconazole alone or in combination on C. albicans and biofilm was investigated.

Vallejo RBB, Fernandez DS, Cervera LA, Aragón LM, Iglesias MEL, Yurrita LRC, Lopez DL. Effectiveness of surgical hand antisepsis using chlorhexidine digluconate and parachlorometaxylenol hand scrub: Cross-over trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Oct;97(42):e12831. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012831. 

Abstract. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover trial to compare the bacterial loads on fingertips and fingernails under laboratory conditions after use of antiseptic test products, including chlorhexidine digluconate 4%, PCMX 3%, and a reference solution of propan-1-ol 60% (P-1). 

Marty Cooney R, Manickam N, Becherer P, Harmon LS, Gregg L, Farkas Z, Shea LM, Parekh P, Murphy J, Shade W. The use of 3.15% chlorhexidine gluconate/70% alcohol hub disinfection to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections in dialysis patients. Br J Nurs. 2020 Jan 23;29(2):S24-S26. doi: 10.12968/bjon.2020.29.2.S24. 

Abstract. This study found that using alcohol with chlorhexidine gluconate prior to accessing central line hubs and vascular grafts allows for reduction in CLABSI events and sustains statistically significant lower CLABSI rates in the inpatient dialysis population.

Jusino-Leon GN, Matheson L, Forsythe L. Chlorhexidine Gluconate Baths: Supporting Daily Use to Reduce Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections Affecting Immunocompromised Patients. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2019 Apr 1;23(2):E32-E38. doi: 10.1188/19.CJON.E32-E38.

Abstract. The project focused on supporting staff and nurses by providing education and training on current practices to staff and patients, and identifying barriers. Direct observation and chart audits were the approach chosen to implement the project.

Yoo MS, Jin HJ, Lee SY. Synergistic Antibacterial Efficacies of Chlorhexidine Digluconate or Protamine Sulfate Combined with Laminaria japonica or Rosmarinus officinalis Extracts against Streptococcus mutans. Biocontrol Sci. 2020;25(1):41-44. doi: 10.4265/bio.25.41.

Abstract.  The purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of chlorhexidine digluconate and protamine sulfate on the inhibitory activity of L. japonica and R. officinalis extracts against Streptococcus mutans, a major etiological agent for dental caries. 

Rudolf JL, Moser C, Sculean A, Eick S. In-vitro antibiofilm activity of chlorhexidine digluconate on polylactide-based and collagen-based membranes. BMC Oral Health. 2019 Dec 26;19(1):291. doi: 10.1186/s12903-019-0979-y.

Abstract. The purpose of this in-vitro-study was to elucidate, if rinsing with a chlorhexidine digluconate solution (CHX) prevents bacterial adhesion, and whether it interferes with attachment of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts and epithelial cells to membrane surfaces.

Cucina A, Filali S, Risler A, Febvay C, Salmon D, Pivot C, Pelandakis M, Pirot F. Dual 0.02% chlorhexidine digluconate - 0.1% disodium EDTA loaded thermosensitive ocular gel for Acanthamoeba keratitis treatment. Int J Pharm. 2019 Feb 10;556:330-337. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.016.

Abstract. The aim of this work was to formulate an original anti-amoebic thermoreversible ocular gel combining biguanide and metalloproteases inhibitor - chelating agent.