Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos ML, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Durjava MF, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Cocconcelli PS, Glandorf B, Herman L, Prieto Maradona M, Saarela M, Anguita M, Galobart J, Holczknecht O, Manini P, Pizzo F, Tarrés-Call J, Pettenati E. Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80216 as feed additive for all animal species. EFSA J. 2020 Dec 16;18(12):e06334. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6334.

Abstract. Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of concentrated liquid l-lysine (base, minimum 50%) and l-lysine monohydrochloride (HCl, minimum 99%) produced by fermentation with a genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum (KCCM 80216) as nutritional additives for all animal species. 

Schmidt Z, Murthy G, Ennis M, Stockler-Ipsiroglu S, Elango R. Impact of enteral arginine supplementation on lysine metabolism in humans: A proof-of-concept for lysine-related inborn errors of metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2020 Sep;43(5):952-959. doi: 10.1002/jimd.12233.

Abstract. Patients with lysine-related inborn errors of metabolism (pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy [PDE] and glutaric aciduria type 1 [GA1]), follow a lysine-restricted diet with arginine-fortified lysine-free amino acid formula and additional oral arginine supplementation as a newer therapy for PDE. 

Dasgupta S, Bhinge A, Chandran V, Sewlikar S, Nimbkar A, Datta D. Role of L-lysine HCl in immunopotentiation towards development of suitable tuberculosis vaccination. Vaccine. 2003 Dec 1;21(32):4722-7. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00513-9. 

Abstract. Considering the biocompatible nature of lysine in comparison with the reportedly hazardous nature of alum adjuvants, we propose l-lysine HCl as a probable adjuvant in vaccination.

Li Q, Gould SA, Htoo JKK, González-Vega JC, Patience JF. Bioavailability of l-lysine sulfate relative to l-lysine HCl for growing-finishing pigs. Transl Anim Sci. 2019 Jun 27;3(4):1254-1262. doi: 10.1093/tas/txz094. 

Abstract. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative bioavailability (RBV) of l-Lys sulfate in comparison to l-Lys HCl based on the growth performance response from approximately 26 to 48 kg and from approximately 68 to 114 kg.

Izquierdo OA, Parsons CM, Baker DH. Bioavailability of lysine in L-lysine.HCl. J Anim Sci. 1988 Oct;66(10):2590-7. doi: 10.2527/jas1988.66102590x. 

Abstract. True digestibility of lysine (LYS) in crystalline L-LYS.HCl and casein determined in cecectomized adult roosters was not significantly different from 100%. Subsequent 9-d growth assays were conducted to determine the bioavailability of LYS in casein, in L-LYS.HCl, and in a mixture of crystalline amino acids simulating casein's amino acid profile. Based on slope-ratio methodology, 

Cheng J, Tu W, Luo Z, Gou X, Li Q, Wang D, Zhou J. A High-Efficiency Artificial Synthetic Pathway for 5-Aminovalerate Production From Biobased L-Lysine in Escherichia coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021 Feb 9;9:633028. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.633028.

Abstract. Bioproduction of 5-aminovalerate (5AVA) from renewable feedstock can support a sustainable biorefinery process to produce bioplastics, such as nylon 5 and nylon 56. In order to achieve the biobased production of 5AVA, a 2-keto-6-aminocaproate-mediated synthetic pathway was established. 

Kalasariya, H. S., Patel, N. B., Yadav, A., Perveen, K., Yadav, V. K., Munshi, F. M., ... & Jeon, B. H. (2021). Characterization of fatty acids, polysaccharides, amino acids, and minerals in marine macroalga chaetomorpha crassa and evaluation of their potentials in skin cosmetics. Molecules, 26(24), 7515.

Abstract. Cosmetic industries are highly committed to finding natural sources of functional active constituents preferable to safer materials to meet consumers’ demands.