Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Jansook P, Prajapati M, Pruksakorn P, Loftsson T. Antifungal activity of econazole nitrate/cyclodextrin complex: Effect of pH and formation of complex aggregates. Int J Pharm. 2020 Jan 25;574:118896. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118896. 

Abstract.Econazole nitrate (ECN) is a weakly basic drug with very low aqueous solubility that hampers its permeation through biological membranes and results in low ECN bioavailability. Formation of drug/cyclodextrin (drug/CD) inclusion complexes is a formulation technology that can be applied to enhance drug solubility in aqueous media. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of CD complexation and pH adjustments on the ECN solubility. ...

Elewski BE, Vlahovic TC. Econazole nitrate foam 1% for the treatment of tinea pedis: results from two double-blind, vehicle-controlled, phase 3 clinical trials. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014 Jul;13(7):803-8. 

Abstract. Econazole nitrate is a broad-spectrum topical antifungal with activity against a variety of dermatophytes and yeasts. A new topical dosage form, econazole nitrate topical foam 1%, utilizing patented Proderm Technology® has been developed for treatment of interdigital tinea pedis....To evaluate econazole nitrate foam 1% versus foam vehicle for treatment of interdigital tinea pedis....

Crawford F. Athlete's foot. BMJ Clin Evid. 2009 Jul 20;2009:1712. 

Abstract. ...We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of topical treatments for athlete's foot? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to July 2008 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)....

Srivastava S, Mahor A, Singh G, Bansal K, Singh PP, Gupta R, Dutt R, Alanazi AM, Khan AA, Kesharwani P. Formulation Development, In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Topical Hydrogel Formulation of Econazole Nitrate-Loaded β-Cyclodextrin Nanosponges. J Pharm Sci. 2021 Nov;110(11):3702-3714. doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.07.008. 

Abstract. Econazole nitrate, an antifungal drug used in the handling of skin ailments, is commercially not efficient as these ailments typically require a more elevated concentration of the drug to offer an effective pharmacological retort. Like so, it is proposed to assess the effectiveness of the topical hydrogel of econazole-loaded nanosponge in the management of skin ailment(s). ...

Albertini B, Passerini N, Di Sabatino M, Vitali B, Brigidi P, Rodriguez L. Polymer-lipid based mucoadhesive microspheres prepared by spray-congealing for the vaginal delivery of econazole nitrate. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2009 Mar 2;36(4-5):591-601. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.12.009.

Abstract. This research aimed to evaluate a new approach for the preparation of mucoadhesive microparticles and to design an innovative vaginal delivery systems for econazole nitrate (ECN) able to enhance the drug antifungal activity. ...

Kokjohn K, Bradley M, Griffiths B, Ghannoum M. Evaluation of in vitro activity of ciclopirox olamine, butenafine HCl and econazole nitrate against dermatophytes, yeasts and bacteria. Int J Dermatol. 2003 Sep;42 Suppl 1:11-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.42.s1.4.x. 

Abstract. In many instances, a cutaneous fungal infection may exist concomitantly with bacterial involvement. In this study we compared the in vitro activity of three antifungal agents against the dermatophytes, yeasts and bacteria recovered most commonly from cutaneous mycoses and bacterial infections....

Gajra B, Pandya SS, Singh S, Rabari HA. Mucoadhesive hydrogel films of econazole nitrate: formulation and optimization using factorial design. J Drug Deliv. 2014;2014:305863. doi: 10.1155/2014/305863.

Abstract. The mucoadhesive hydrogel film was prepared and optimized for the purpose of local drug delivery to oral cavity for the treatment of oral Candidiasis. The mucoadhesive hydrogel film was prepared with the poly(vinyl alcohol) by freeze/thaw crosslinking technique. 3(2) full factorial design was employed to optimize the formulation. Number of freeze/thaw cycles (4, 6, and 8 cycles) and the concentration of the poly(vinyl alcohol) (10, 15, and 20%) were used as the independent variables whereas time required for 50% drug release, cumulative percent of drug release at 8th hour, and "k" of zero order equation were used as the dependent variables. The films were evaluated for mucoadhesive strength, in vitro residence time, swelling study, in vitro drug release, and effectiveness against Candida albicans. The concentration of poly(vinyl alcohol) and the number of freeze/thaw cycles both decrease the drug release rate. Mucoadhesive hydrogel film with 15% poly(vinyl alcohol) and 7 freeze/thaw cycles was optimized. The optimized batch exhibited the sustained release of drug and the antifungal studies revealed that the drug released from the film could inhibit the growth of Candida albicans for 12 hours.

Ambrogi V, Perioli L, Pagano C, Marmottini F, Moretti M, Mizzi F, Rossi C. Econazole nitrate-loaded MCM-41 for an antifungal topical powder formulation. J Pharm Sci. 2010 Nov;99(11):4738-45. doi: 10.1002/jps.22183.

Abstract. The aim of this article was to prepare a topical powder for the treatment of fungal infections, such as Candida intertrigo and tinea pedis. ...

Verma S, Utreja P. Transethosomes of Econazole Nitrate for Transdermal Delivery: Development, In-vitro Characterization, and Ex-vivo Assessment. Pharm Nanotechnol. 2018;6(3):171-179. doi: 10.2174/2211738506666180813122102.

Abstract. The main objective of the present research work was to develop and characterize (in-vitro and ex-vivo) econazole nitrate loaded transethosomes and their comparison with marketed cream of econazole nitrate [Ecoderm, Brown and Burk Pharmaceutical (Pvt.) Ltd., Bengaluru, India] for effective transdermal delivery.