Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Chakroun S, Ezzi L, Grissa I, Kerkeni E, Neffati F, Bhouri R, Sallem A, Najjar MF, Hassine M, Mehdi M, Haouas Z, Ben Cheikh H. Hematological, biochemical, and toxicopathic effects of subchronic acetamiprid toxicity in Wistar rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016 Dec;23(24):25191-25199. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7650-9.

Abstract. Acetamiprid is one of the most widely used neonicotinoids. This study investigates toxic effects of repeated oral administration of three doses of acetamiprid (1/20, 1/10, and 1/5 of LD50) during 60 days. For this, male Wistar rats were divided into four different groups. Hematological, biochemical, and toxicopathic effects of acetamiprid were evaluated. According to the results, a significant decrease in the body weight gain at the highest dose 1/5 of LD50 of acetamiprid was noticed. An increase in the relative liver weight was also observed at this dose level. The hematological constituents were affected. A significant decrease in RBC, HGB, and HCT in rats treated with higher doses of acetamiprid (1/10 and 1/5 of LD50) was noted. However, a significant increase in WBC and PLT were observed at the same doses. Furthermore, acetamiprid induced liver toxicity measured by the increased activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphates (ALPs), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) which may be due to the loss of hepatic membrane architecture and hepatocellular damage. In addition, exposure to acetamiprid resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities (p ≤ 0.01) with concomitant increase in lipid peroxidation in rat liver. These findings highlight the subchronic hepatotoxicity of acetamiprid.

Kocaman AY, Topaktaş M. In vitro evaluation of the genotoxicity of acetamiprid in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2007 Jul;48(6):483-90. doi: 10.1002/em.20309. 

Abstract. Acetamiprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, is commonly used both in agriculture and domestic areas against a wide range of insects. The potential genotoxicity of a commercial formulation of acetamiprid (Mosetam 20 SP, containing 20% acetamiprid as the active ingredient) on human peripheral blood lymphocytes was examined in vitro by sister chromatid exchange (SCE), chromosomal aberrations (CAs), and micronucleus tests.... (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Licht K, Kosar V, Tomašić V, Duplančić M. Removal of the neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid from wastewater using heterogeneous photocatalysis. Environ Technol. 2021 Nov 13:1-10. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1994656.

Abstract. Due to its high solubility in water, a large amount of the neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid persisting in the soil of treated crops enters surface water or groundwater. The aim of this study was to investigate the photocatalytic degradation of acetamiprid in an aqueous medium. The experiments were carried out in an annular suspension reactor operating in recirculated batch mode and using a UV-A lamp as the radiation source. ...

Arıcan EY, Gökçeoğlu Kayalı D, Ulus Karaca B, Boran T, Öztürk N, Okyar A, Ercan F, Özhan G. Reproductive effects of subchronic exposure to acetamiprid in male rats. Sci Rep. 2020 Jun 2;10(1):8985. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65887-0.

Abstract. Acetamiprid, a selective agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine recetors, is one of the most widely used neonicotinoids. There is limited data about toxicity of acetamiprid on male reproductive system. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the reproductive toxic potential of acetamiprid in male rats orally treated with acetamiprid with low (12.5 mg/kg) medium (25 mg/kg) or high dose (35 mg/kg) for 90 days. According to our results, sperm concentration and plasma testosterone levels decreased in dose dependent manner. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormeone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) levels increased at low and medium dose groups and acetamiprid caused lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH) depletion in the testes. Histologic examinations revealed that acetamiprid induced apoptosis in medium and high dose groups and proliferation index dramatically decreased in high dose group. In conclusion, acetamiprid caused toxicity on male reproductive system in the high dose. The mechanism of the toxic effect may be associated with oxidative stress, hormonal disruptions and apoptosis.

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), Bellisai G, Bernasconi G, Brancato A, Carrasco Cabrera L, Ferreira L, Giner G, Greco L, Jarrah S, Kazocina A, Leuschner R, Magrans JO, Miron I, Nave S, Pedersen R, Reich H, Ruocco S, Santos M, Scarlato AP, Theobald A, Vagenende B, Verani A. Modification of the existing maximum residue levels for acetamiprid in various crops. EFSA J. 2021 Sep 7;19(9):e06830. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6830. 

Abstract. In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicants Nisso Chemical Europe GmbH and Sipcam Italia S.p.A. submitted requests to the competent national authority in the Netherlands and in Italy, respectively, to modify the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the active substance acetamiprid in various crops. The data submitted in support of these requests were found to be sufficient to derive MRL proposals for plums, aubergines, peppers, cucumbers, courgettes, other cucurbits with edible peel, poppy seeds, mustard seeds, pomegranates and honey. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of acetamiprid in the commodities under consideration at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the short-term and long-term intake of residues resulting from the use of acetamiprid according to the reported agricultural practices is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health. © 2021 European Food Safety Authority.

Yeter O, Aydın A. The fate of acetamiprid and its degradation during long-term storage of honey. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2020 Feb;37(2):288-303. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1696019.

Abstract. Acetamiprid (ATP) is a neonicotinoid widely used in agriculture, which is less toxic to honeybees and is transported into the hives via the contaminated nectar and pollen as well as physical contact. Although ATP degrades in animal systems mainly through N-desmethylacetamiprid (IM-2-1), it is degraded in honey of different origins mainly through (E)-N2-carbamoyl-)-N1-[6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl])-N1-methylacetamidine (IM-1-2)....

Silva CF, Borges KB, Nascimento CS Jr. Computational study on acetamiprid-molecular imprinted polymer. J Mol Model. 2019 Mar 28;25(4):104. doi: 10.1007/s00894-019-3990-y.

Abstract. In the present work we investigate, through DFT calculations, the mechanism of formation of a molecular imprinted polymer for the acetamiprid (ACT) insecticide, using four different functional monomers, four molar ratios attempts, and considering eight distinct solvents. ...

Camp AA, Batres MA, Williams WC, Koethe RW, Stoner KA, Lehmann DM. Effects of the Neonicotinoid Acetamiprid in Pollen on Bombus impatiens Microcolony Development. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2020 Dec;39(12):2560-2569. doi: 10.1002/etc.4886.

Abstract. Honey bees and other wild bee species including bumble bees have experienced population declines in recent decades. Although many stressors are implicated in bee population declines, much attention has focused on neonicotinoid pesticides, which are widely used and known to be toxic to pollinators. One neonicotinoid, acetamiprid, has been studied very little in bumble bees, despite its use on bumble bee-pollinated crops. We assessed the impacts of acetamiprid to the North American bumble bee Bombus impatiens using the microcolony model. ... © 2020 SETAC

Nowak M, Bernat P, Mrozińska J, Różalska S. Acetamiprid Affects Destruxins Production but Its Accumulation in Metarhizium sp. Spores Increases Infection Ability of Fungi. Toxins (Basel). 2020 Sep 11;12(9):587. doi: 10.3390/toxins12090587.

Abstract. Metarhizium sp. are entomopathogenic fungi that inhabit the soil environment. Together, they act as natural pest control factors. In the natural environment, they come into contact with various anthropogenic pollutants, and sometimes, they are used together and interchangeably with chemical insecticides (e.g., neonicotinoids) for pest control. In most cases, the compatibility of entomopathogens with insecticides has been determined; however, the influence of these compounds on the metabolism of entomopathogenic fungi has not yet been studied. Secondary metabolites are very important factors that influence the fitness of the producers, playing important roles in the ability of these pathogens to successfully parasitize insects. In this study, for the first time, we focus on whether the insecticide present in the fungal growth environment affects secondary metabolism in fungi. The research revealed that acetamiprid at concentrations from 5 to 50 mg L-1 did not inhibit the growth of all tested Metarhizium sp.; however, it reduced the level of 19 produced destruxins in direct proportion to the dosage used. Furthermore, it was shown that acetamiprid accumulates not only in plant or animal tissues, but also in fungal cells. Despite the negative impact of acetamiprid on secondary metabolism, it was proofed to accumulate in Metarhizium spores, which appeared to have a stronger infectious potential against mealworm Tenebrio molitor, in comparison to the insecticide or the biological agent alone.