Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Kim, E., Nam, G. W., Kim, S., Lee, H., Moon, S., & Chang, I. (2007). Influence of polyol and oil concentration in cosmetic products on skin moisturization and skin surface roughness. Skin Research and Technology, 13(4), 417-424.

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to investigate the optimum combination of polyols and oils in moisturizing cosmetic products to improve the human skin moisturization and skin surface roughness. Polyols and oils are essential ingredients in skin care products, but it is still not understood how their concentrations affect their efficacy and sensory properties on human skin. We investigated the effect of polyol and oil concentration on skin properties by noninvasive methods.

O’LENICK, T. O. N. Y. Polyol esters in personal care formulations part 2. TERMINOLOGY, 1, 2.

Abstract. As the quest for natural, renewable, biodegradable and green products continue there has been increased interest in working with a variety of esters and triglycerides. Esters when applied to the skin, not only act as emollients but also provide an aesthetic effect which can be varied by structure. This article is the second of two that deal with the formulation properties of polyol esters based upon specific highly branched polyols namely; neopentyl glycol (2 OH groups), trimethylol propane (3 OH groups) and pentaerythritol (4 OH groups). These esters find their main use in industrial lubrication because not only are they effective lubricants, they are oxidatively stable and have a relatively low viscosity when one considers their molecular weight.

Becker, L. C., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2015). Safety Assessment of Pentaerythrityl Tetraesters as Used in Cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 34(2_suppl), 99S-112S.

Abstract. Benzoic acid (a metabolite of pentaerythrityl tetrabenzoate, pentaerythrityl tetraethylhexanoate/benzoate, and pentaerythrityl tetrabehenate/benzoate/ethylhexanoate) was determined by the Panel to be safe for use in cosmetic formulations in the present practices of use and concentration at their meeting on September 26 to 27, 2011

Jang, S. I., Lee, S. M., Paik, B. R., Han, J., Kim, E. J., & Lee, H. K. (2017). A study on skin permeability and skin whitening effect of high pressure emulsification processed cosmetic. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea, 43(3), 189-194.

Abstract. Skin has a strong barrier function to protect the body from external harmful factors. This strong barrier function of the skin makes for any effective substance difficult to permeate through the skin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate skin permeability of the reduced particle size by non-invasive method. The particles were prepared by high-pressure emulsification. The niacinamide prepared in a high-pressure emulsification was absorbed 1.56 times higher than the control sample. In addition, it was found from the sixth layer of keratin that was removed by tape-stripping method. This was significantly deeper penetration. The whitening efficacy of the sample containing niacinamide was evaluated before and after 6 weeks of use. The skin color was significantly improved in both pigmented area and non-pigmented area. Through this study, it was possible to visually and quantitatively confirm the permeability confirm the permeability of the reduced particle sample into skin.

Jeong, C. B., Han, J. Y., Cho, J. C., Suh, K. D., & Nam, G. W. (2013). Analysis of electrical property changes of skin by oil‐in‐water emulsion components. International journal of cosmetic science, 35(4), 402-410.

Abstract. To provide answers to these questions, we investigated the moisturizing effect of widely used 41 components (four different classes) in a simple O/W emulsion using capacitance methods. 106 different single oils, and combinations of oil with oil, wax, humectants, and surfactant were formulated and tested.