Lemon (Citrus limon), originates from the evergreen perennial tree belonging to the Rutaceae family, probably had its origins in Southeast Asia and was imported into the Mediterranean regions around 300 BC.

Most common species:

• Citrus Aurantifolia
• Citrus Limon
• Citrus Limon
• Medical Citrus

The chemical composition of the lemon includes mainly citric acid and limonene. Citric acid in lemon juice is useful in the medical management of calcium urolithiasis.
Lemon juice contains flavonoids, which are extremely useful components for the immune defense of the human body and therefore to combat degenerative diseases such as cancer. In particular, Rutin, Quercetin, Neoeriocitrin (1).

It also contains a large amount of vitamin C, one of the most important antioxidants found in nature and an element of contrast to free radicals that are the cause of aging and many diseases related to the oxidation process of cells. However, the fruit that contains the highest amount of vitamin C is the kiwi.

A lemon juice, you know is a remedy against colds and flu and cooling diseases.

It also acts as a protector against rheumatoid arthritis.

Thin-skinned lemons are preferable as they have more juice.

The lemon have been recognized by scientific studies antimicrobial activity both in the form of nanoemulsions in essential oil and in the form of pure essential oil juice (2).

Among the various phenolic components present in lemon peel, Eriocitrin, for its anti-aging properties, has been the subject of specific studies in rats (3).

Lemon extract has also demonstrated antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4).

Lemon essential oil is used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals for its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The aqueous phase of this oil is extracted by various chemical processes, e.g. with dichloromethane, dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate and the solvent is subsequently removed by low-pressure distillation. Cold pressing is generally used. In European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 (PhEur, 2020) it is defined as the essential oil obtained by a suitable mechanical procedure without heating from the fresh peel of Citrus limon (L.).

It appears as a yellow transparent liquid.

What it is used for and where

Food

Lemon oil is added in food products both as a fragrance and as a preservative.

Cosmetics

It is a cosmetic raw material that keeps the skin moist and provides smoothness and elasticity due to its antioxidant properties.  Used in massages for weight loss, in relaxing baths, it increases the shine of the hair and provides lubrication. 

Pharmaceuticals

It is included in pharmaceutical formulas as an antibacterial agent.

Lemon oil studies

References_________________________________________________________________

(1) Aliberti L, Caputo L, De Feo V, De Martino L, Nazzaro F, Souza LF. Chemical Composition and in Vitro Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, and Central Nervous System Activities of the Essential Oils of Citrus medica L. cv. 'Liscia' and C. medica cv. 'Rugosa' Cultivated in Southern Italy. Molecules. 2016 Sep 18;21(9):1244. doi: 10.3390/molecules21091244. 

(2)  Ledesma-Escobar CA, Priego-Capote F, Luque de Castro MD. Comparative Study of the Effect of Sample Pretreatment and Extraction on the Determination of Flavonoids from Lemon (Citrus limon). PLoS One. 2016 Jan 25;11(1):e0148056. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148056.

(3) Yazgan H, Ozogul Y, Kuley E. Antimicrobial influence of nanoemulsified lemon essential oil and pure lemon essential oil on food-borne pathogens and fish spoilage bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol. 2019 Oct 2;306:108266. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108266.

(4) Shimizu C, Wakita Y, Inoue T, Hiramitsu M, Okada M, Mitani Y, Segawa S, Tsuchiya Y, Nabeshima T. Effects of lifelong intake of lemon polyphenols on aging and intestinal microbiome in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 1 (SAMP1). Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 6;9(1):3671. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40253-x.

(5) Liya SJ, Siddique R. Determination of Antimicrobial Activity of Some Commercial Fruit (Apple, Papaya, Lemon and Strawberry) Against Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infection. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp). 2018 Aug 16;8(3):95-99. doi: 10.1556/1886.2018.00014.