Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Cervantes-Martínez A, Maldonado A. Foaming behaviour of polymer-surfactant solutions. J Phys Condens Matter. 2007 Jun 20;19(24):246101. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/19/24/246101. 

Abstract. We study the effect of a non-ionic amphiphilic polymer (PEG-100 stearate also called Myrj 59) on the foaming behaviour of aqueous solutions of an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate or SDS). The SDS concentration was kept fixed while the Myrj 59 concentration was varied. Measurements of foamability, surface tension and electrical conductivity were carried out. The results show two opposite effects depending on the polymer concentration: foamability is higher when the Myrj 59 concentration is low; however, it decreases considerably when the polymer concentration is increased. This behaviour is due to the polymer adsorption at the air/liquid interface at lower polymer concentrations, and to the formation of a polymer-surfactant complex in the bulk at higher concentrations. The results are confirmed by surface tension and electrical conductivity measurements, which are interpreted in terms of the microstructure of the polymer-surfactant solutions. The observed behaviour is due to the amphiphilic nature of the studied polymer. The increased hydrophobicity of Myrj 59, compared to that of water-soluble polymers like PEG or PEO, increases its 'reactivity' towards SDS, i.e. the strength of its interaction with this anionic surfactant. Our results show that hydrophobically modified polymers have potential applications as additives in order to control the foaming properties of surfactant solutions.

Roh, J. S., Yeom, H. J., Oh, M. J., & Lee, J. Y. (2021). A Study on the Antioxidant and MMPs Protein Expression Inhibitive Effect of Punica granatum L. Extract and Its Stabilization with Liquid Crystal Emulsion. Journal of Life Science, 31(2), 164-174.

Abstract. This study confirmed the potential of Punica granatum L. extract for functional activity verification and cosmetic development. The electron-donating ability of Punica granatum L. extract was shown 60.6% at a 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration. Its ABTS+ radical scavenging ability was shown 93.9% at a 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration. Additionally, the inhibitive effects of elastase and collagenase inhibition effects were measured as 30% and 47.2%, respectively, at a 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration. To determine the effect of Punica granatum L. extract on the proliferation of fibroblasts (CCD-986sk), cell viability was measured using a 3-[4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay. As a result, survival rates of 130% or higher at a 500 ㎍/ml concentration or less were confirmed. According to the results of Western blot with Punica granatum L. extract, the expression inhibition rates of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) were decreased by 23.2%, 81.9%, and 69.2%, respectively, at a 100 ㎍/ml concentration. Based on the results above, O/W liquid crystal cream with 0.1% Punica granatum L. extract was prepared. The stabilities were tested at 4, 25, 45, and 50℃. By checking the pH, change over time, and stability by temperature, it was confirmed that all were stable for one month. Thus, Punica granatum L. extract shows potential as a natural material for cosmetics.

Ciriminna, R., Katryniok, B., Paul, S., Dumeignil, F., & Pagliaro, M. (2015). Glycerol-derived renewable polyglycerols: A class of versatile chemicals of wide potential application. Organic Process Research & Development, 19(7), 748-754.

Abstract. Glycerol-derived polyglycerols are a versatile class of biocompatible oligomers whose wide potential application is translating into rapidly increasing levels of utilization across many industries.

Zhang X, Gan Y, Gan L, Nie S, Pan W. PEGylated nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with 10-hydroxycamptothecin: an efficient carrier with enhanced anti-tumour effects against lung cancer. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008 Aug;60(8):1077-87. doi: 10.1211/jpp.60.8.0014. 

Abstract. Most drugs do not have the pharmacokinetic features required for optimal pulmonary delivery. In this study, we developed PEGylated nanostructured lipid carriers (PEG-NLCs) to improve the delivery of anti-tumour agents to lung tumours. PEG-40 NLCs modified with PEG-40 stearate (molecular weight 2000 Da), PEG-100 NLCs modified with PEG-100 stearate (molecular weight 5000 Da) and NLCs without PEG modification were prepared by melt-emulsification and homogenization, and were loaded with 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT). They were investigated in terms of physiological characteristics, biodistribution, cellular uptake, and anti-tumour effect in-vivo. PEG-NLCs exhibited regular morphology, with a spherical shape. The particle size (measured by laser diffraction) was approximately 100 nm. Encapsulation in PEG-NLCs protected the active lactone form of HCPT compared with HCPT solution after incubation with plasma. In biodistribution studies, PEG-NLCs, especially PEG-40 NLCs, had longer circulation time and decreased uptake by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) compared with unmodified NLCs. PEG-NLCs accumulated in the lungs after i.v. injection in mice. PEG-NLCs showed enhanced cellular uptake by human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial A549 cells. In-vivo experiments indicated that PEG-NLCs loaded with HCPT have superior efficacy against A549 lung cancer compared with HCPT solution and NLCs. These results suggest that PEG-NLCs is a promising delivery system for HCPT in the treatment of lung cancer.

Zazenski, R., Ashton, W. H., Briggs, D., Chudkowski, M., Kelse, J. W., MacEachern, L., ... & Gettings, S. D. (1995). Talc: occurrence, characterization, and consumer applications. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 21(2), 218-229.

Abstract.… Commonly used solidifiers or gellants include stearyl alcohol, PEG-8 distearate, glyceryl stearate, PEG-100 stearate, steareth-100, stearamide MEA, stearic acid, paraffin, ozokerite, syn…