Persea gratissima is the Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) native to Mexico and Central America and belongs to the Lauraceae family.

Persea americana synonyms: Persea  gratissima, Persea drymifolia, Persea nubigena, Laurus persea

Other species: Persea mexicana, Persea obovatifolia, Persea  indica, Persea borbonia.

Hass cultivar, the most widespread in the world, contains a variety of essential nutrients and important phytochemicals.

Composition: 71% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 13% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 16% saturated fatty acids (SFA).

In a fruit of 68 grams are found (1) :

Oleic acid is the main monounsaturated fatty acid with anti-inflammatory activity, and palmitic acid the main saturated fat.

One of its components, perseorangin, is a natural pigment that develops an orange-red colour when the seeds are crushed.

What it is used for and where

Medical

Used as an adjunct in the treatment of osteoarthritis (2) and diabetes (experimentation on rats) (3).

In a 12-week study of overweight or obese women and men where the intake of avocado Hass was a component of a low-calorie diet to lose weight, a significant decrease in serum glucose and decrease in Body Mass Index (in kg/m²) was observed (4).

A composition of one third pear oil and two thirds soybean oil (ASU) is a plant extract that is easily found in pharmacies and herbalists. This study has analyzed it in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and hip. The results confirmed its beneficial effects on the knee, but not on the hip (5).

An oil with excellent nutritional characteristics is extracted from avocado . However, the characteristics of this oil are directly proportional to the quality, ripeness, method of extraction, extraction temperature, solvents used for extraction and storage of the fruit. Avocado oil contains a high content (69.4%) of monounsaturated fatty acids (antioxidants and anti-inflammatories), while saturated fatty acids represent only 14% of the total (6).

The seeds of avocado, in the form of a centrifuged methanolic extract, can be used as a natural dye re-orange, but above all their antioxidant activity, referred to the high polyphenolic content, could be considered a natural anti-cancer remedy (7).

Cosmetics

Avocado yields an oil that acts in cosmetic formulations as a protective emollient agent and counteracts dehydration and dry skin with the task of restoring and maintaining the skin's moisture levels and increasing its elasticity. The agents responsible for this positive activity are carotenoids, mostly contained in the peel, which, with their antioxidant activity, tend to regenerate the horny layer of the skin (8).

Emollients have the characteristic of enhancing the skin barrier through a source of exogenous lipids that adhere to the skin, improving barrier properties by filling gaps in intercorneocyte clusters to improve hydration while protecting against inflammation. Emollients are described as degreasing or refreshing additives that improve the lipid content of the upper layers of the skin by preventing degreasing and drying of the skin. The problem with emollients is that many have a strong lipophilic character and are identified as occlusive ingredients; they are oily and fatty materials that remain on the skin surface and reduce transepidermal water loss. In cosmetics, emollients and moisturisers are often considered synonymous with humectants and occlusives.

The most relevant studies and their abstracts have been selected to explore this in more depth:

Avocado studies

References_____________________________________________________________________

(1)   Hass avocado composition and potential health effects.  Dreher ML1, Davenport AJ.  Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2013;53(7):738-50. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2011.556759. 

(2) Management of Osteoarthritis with Avocado/Soybean Unsaponifiables.  Christiansen BA1, Bhatti S2, Goudarzi R3, Emami S4. Cartilage. 2015 Jan;6(1):30-44.

Efficiency of unsaponifiable compounds of soya beans and avocado in health care personnel with osteoarthrosis in Volgograd.  Zborovskiĭ AB, Akhverdian IuR, Sivordova LE, Simakova ES, Zavodovskiĭ BV.  Med Tr Prom Ekol. 2013;(2):41-4. Russian.

(3) Dietary avocado oil supplementation attenuates the alterations induced by type I diabetes and oxidative stress in electron transfer at the complex II-complex III segment of the electron transport chain in rat kidney mitochondria.  Ortiz-Avila O, Sámano-García CA, Calderón-Cortés E, Pérez-Hernández IH, Mejía-Zepeda R, Rodríguez-Orozco AR, Saavedra-Molina A, Cortés-Rojo C.  J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2013 Jun;45(3):271-87. doi: 10.1007/s10863-013-9502-3.

(4) Hass Avocado Inclusion in a Weight-Loss Diet Supported Weight Loss and Altered Gut Microbiota: A 12-Week Randomized, Parallel-Controlled Trial.  Henning SM, Yang J, Woo SL, Lee RP, Huang J, Rasmusen A, Carpenter CL, Thames G, Gilbuena I, Tseng CH, Heber D, Li Z.  Curr Dev Nutr. 2019 Jun 12;3(8):nzz068. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzz068.

(5) Efficacy and safety of avocado-soybean unsaponifiables for the treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.  Simental-Mendía M, Sánchez-García A, Acosta-Olivo CA, Vilchez-Cavazos F, Osuna-Garate J, Peña-Martínez VM, Simental-Mendía LE.  Int J Rheum Dis. 2019 Sep;22(9):1607-1615. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.13658.

(6) Avocado Oil: Characteristics, Properties, and Applications.  Flores M, Saravia C, Vergara CE, Avila F, Valdés H, Ortiz-Viedma J.  Molecules. 2019 Jun 10;24(11). pii: E2172. doi: 10.3390/molecules24112172.

(7) In Vitro Antioxidant and Cancer Inhibitory Activity of a Colored Avocado Seed Extract.  Dabas D, Elias RJ, Ziegler GR, Lambert JD.  Int J Food Sci. 2019 Apr 24;2019:6509421. doi: 10.1155/2019/6509421.

(8) Ferreira SM, Falé Z, Santos L. Sustainability in Skin Care: Incorporation of Avocado Peel Extracts in Topical Formulations. Molecules. 2022 Mar 9;27(6):1782. doi: 10.3390/molecules27061782.