Garcinia Mangostana Peel Extract is a powerful natural ingredient derived from the peel of the mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana). This extract is particularly known for its high antioxidant properties due to the presence of compounds like xanthones, which protect the skin from oxidative damage. It is used in cosmetic formulations and dietary supplements for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and regenerative properties, offering benefits that enhance skin health and protect against premature aging.

Chemical Composition and Structure

This extract is rich in bioactive compounds, including xanthones, polyphenols, flavonoids, and vitamins. Key xanthones, such as alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin, provide powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These polyphenolic compounds have a tricyclic chemical structure that makes them effective in neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation at the cellular level.

Physical Properties

It appears as a fine powder or concentrated liquid, with a yellow-orange or brown color, soluble in water and alcohol. Due to its high concentration of antioxidants, the extract protects the skin from UV damage and free radicals while promoting cell regeneration.

Production Process

The extract is obtained through aqueous or alcoholic extraction methods, sometimes using supercritical extraction, which isolates the bioactive compounds from the fruit peel. The process is designed to preserve the integrity of the xanthones and polyphenols in the peel, maintaining their beneficial properties. After extraction, the liquid is concentrated or transformed into a powder for incorporation into various cosmetic formulations or supplements.

• Harvesting the Peel: The peel of Garcinia mangostana is harvested from ripe fruits of the plant. It is essential to collect the peel sustainably to preserve the quality and biodiversity of the plant.

• Drying: After harvesting, the peel is cleaned and subjected to a drying process to remove moisture. This step is crucial for preserving the active properties and facilitating subsequent extraction.

• Extraction: The extraction of active principles occurs using appropriate solvents, such as water, ethanol, or methanol. The dried peel is immersed in the solvent, and the mixture is agitated or heated to promote the release of bioactive compounds.

• Filtration: Once the extraction process is complete, the obtained solution is filtered to remove undissolved solids, resulting in a liquid extract containing the active principles of the peel.

• Concentration: The extract may be further concentrated by evaporating the solvent to obtain a product richer in xanthones and with greater stability.

• Quality Control and Packaging: Finally, Garcinia mangostana peel extract undergoes quality control checks to verify its purity, efficacy, and compliance with standards. After analysis, it is packaged for distribution and use in cosmetic products and dietary supplements.

Applications

• Skincare: The extract is used in anti-aging creams and serums for its antioxidant properties that protect the skin from oxidative damage and improve skin elasticity. It is ideal for regenerating damaged skin and preventing premature aging.

• Anti-inflammatory Products: With its anti-inflammatory properties, the extract is used in products designed to soothe irritated or red skin. It may be beneficial in treating inflammatory conditions such as acne or dermatitis.

• Antimicrobial Products: The extract is employed in natural antimicrobial formulations to help prevent skin infections, thanks to its ability to fight bacteria and fungi.

Health and Safety Considerations

Safety in Use
Garcinia Mangostana Peel Extract is considered safe for use in cosmetics and supplements. It is well tolerated by the skin and does not generally cause irritation. Major regulatory authorities, such as the European Union and the FDA, allow its use in skincare and cosmetic products.

Allergic Reactions
Allergic reactions to Garcinia Mangostana Peel Extract are rare, but as with any natural ingredient, it is recommended to perform a patch test before use on sensitive or reactive skin.

Toxicity and Carcinogenicity
Its antioxidant properties are associated with potential protective effects against oxidative stress and cellular damage.

Environmental Considerations
Garcinia Mangostana Peel Extract is a natural and biodegradable product. It is sourced from a part of the fruit that is often discarded, making it an eco-friendly and sustainable ingredient. However, it is important to ensure that the harvesting of mangosteen is done sustainably to avoid overexploitation of natural resources.

Regulatory Status
Garcinia Mangostana Peel Extract is approved for use in cosmetics and supplements by major regulatory authorities, including the European Union and the FDA in the United States. It is used in numerous skincare formulations and as an active ingredient in anti-aging and soothing products.

References__________________________________________________________________________

Shan T, Ma Q, Guo K, Liu J, Li W, Wang F, Wu E. Xanthones from mangosteen extracts as natural chemopreventive agents: potential anticancer drugs. Curr Mol Med. 2011 Nov;11(8):666-77. doi: 10.2174/156652411797536679. 

Abstract. Despite decades of research, the treatment and management of malignant tumors still remain a formidable challenge for public health. New strategies for cancer treatment are being developed, and one of the most promising treatment strategies involves the application of chemopreventive agents. The search for novel and effective cancer chemopreventive agents has led to the identification of various naturally occurring compounds. Xanthones, from the pericarp, whole fruit, heartwood, and leaf of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn., GML), are known to possess a wide spectrum of pharmacologic properties, including antioxidant, anti- tumor, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral activities. The potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities of xanthones have been demonstrated in different stages of carcinogenesis (initiation, promotion, and progression) and are known to control cell division and growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and metastasis. Multiple lines of evidence from numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that xanthones inhibit proliferation of a wide range of human tumor cell types by modulating various targets and signaling transduction pathways. Here we provide a concise and comprehensive review of preclinical data and assess the observed anticancer effects of xanthones, supporting its remarkable potential as an anticancer agent.

Barua A, Choudhury P, Mandal S, Panda CK, Saha P. Therapeutic potential of xanthones from Swertia chirata in breast cancer cells. Indian J Med Res. 2020 Sep;152(3):285-295. doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1153_18.

Abstract. Background & objectives: Medicinal plants like Swertia chirata are rich sources of different xanthones. This study was aimed to assess the cytotoxic potential of four most abundant xanthones present in S. chirata both in vivo and in vitro in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC), a mouse transplantable breast carcinoma cell line and two human breast carcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231).....Results: Among all the xanthones tested XD showed IC50at the lowest dose, and normal cells were unaffected at this dose. Survivability of mice increased significantly when treated with XD compared to other xanthones and cisplatin. Significantly increased ROS and LPO were found in cancer cells as a result of XD treatment which was unaltered in normal cell line. XD induced DNA damage and apoptosis in cancer cell lines. Interpretation & conclusions: Our experimental data indicate that XD may potentially act as a chemotherapeutic agent by enhancing ROS in breast cancer cells thereby leading to apoptosis.

Feng Z, Lu X, Gan L, Zhang Q, Lin L. Xanthones, A Promising Anti-Inflammatory Scaffold: Structure, Activity, and Drug Likeness Analysis. Molecules. 2020 Jan 30;25(3):598. doi: 10.3390/molecules25030598.

Abstract. Inflammation is the body's self-protective response to multiple stimulus, from external harmful substances to internal danger signals released after trauma or cell dysfunction. Many diseases are considered to be related to inflammation, such as cancer, metabolic disorders, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. Current therapeutic approaches include mainly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids, which are generally of limited effectiveness and severe side-effects. Thus, it is urgent to develop novel effective anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents. Xanthones, a unique scaffold with a 9H-Xanthen-9-one core structure, widely exist in natural sources. Till now, over 250 xanthones were isolated and identified in plants from the families Gentianaceae and Hypericaceae. Many xanthones have been disclosed with anti-inflammatory properties on different models, either in vitro or in vivo. Herein, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of xanthones with anti-inflammatory properties, and analyzed their drug likeness, which might be potential therapeutic agents to fight against inflammation-related diseases.

Nauman MC, Johnson JJ. The purple mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana): Defining the anticancer potential of selected xanthones. Pharmacol Res. 2022 Jan;175:106032. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106032. 

Panda SS, Chand M, Sakhuja R, Jain SC. Xanthones as potential antioxidants. Curr Med Chem. 2013;20(36):4481-507. doi: 10.2174/09298673113209990144. 

Klein-Júnior LC, Campos A, Niero R, Corrêa R, Vander Heyden Y, Filho VC. Xanthones and Cancer: from Natural Sources to Mechanisms of Action. Chem Biodivers. 2020 Feb;17(2):e1900499. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201900499.