Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Gerner E, Almqvist S, Thomsen P, Werthén M, Trobos M. Sodium Salicylate Influences the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Structure and Susceptibility Towards Silver. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jan 21;22(3):1060. doi: 10.3390/ijms22031060.

Abstract.  Here, we investigated whether inhibition of quorum sensing (QS) by sodium salicylate in different P. aeruginosa strains (QS-competent, QS-mutant, and chronic wound strains) influences biofilm formation and tolerance to silver. 

Klimek VM, Dolezal EK, Smith L, Soff G, Nimer SD. Phase I trial of sodium salicylate in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Res. 2012 May;36(5):570-4. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.10.023.

Abstract. We examined whether it was possible to safely achieve and maintain salicylate levels known to inhibit NF-κB in vitro in 11 patients with MDS or AML taking sodium salicylate. 

Park HS, Lim YS, Suh JE, Rhu NS, Cho DI, Kim JW. Sodium salicylate sensitivity in an asthmatic patient with aspirin sensitivity. J Korean Med Sci. 1991 Jun;6(2):113-7. doi: 10.3346/jkms.1991.6.2.113.

Abstract. We experienced a case of an aspirin-sensitive asthmatic patient who developed a broncho-obstructive reaction after taking 100 mg of sodium salicylate. The result of this study suggests that sodium salicylate may cross-react with aspirin in aspirin-and tartrazine-sensitive patients.

Watanabe M, Ozeki T, Shibata T, Murakoshi H, Takashima Y, Yuasa H, Okada H. Effect of shape of sodium salicylate particles on physical property and in vitro aerosol performance of granules prepared by pressure swing granulation method. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2003 Dec 16;4(4):E64. doi: 10.1208/pt040464.

Abstract. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of the shape of sodium salicylate (SS) particles on the physical properties as well as the in vitro aerosol performance of the granules granulated by the pressure swing granulation method.

Wood NJ, Lowe AS, Walton JP. Sodium salicylate alters temporal integration measured through increasing stimulus presentation rates. Int J Audiol. 2019 Mar;58(3):141-150. doi: 10.1080/14992027.2018.1544424.

Abstract.  High doses of sodium salicylate (SS) are known to induce tinnitus, general hyperexcitability in the central auditory system, and to cause mild hearing loss. We used the auditory brainstem response (ABR) to assess the effects of SS on auditory sensitivity and temporal processing in the auditory nerve and brainstem.

Sodium salicylate is the sodium salt of salicylic acid. 

The name of this compound gives us information about its structure and its components:

• Sodium indicates a sodium ion in the compound. Sodium ions are positively charged and help increase the solubility of the compound in water.
• Salicylate comes from "salicylic acid", indicating that the compound is derived from a type of phenolic acid known for its ability to relieve pain and reduce inflammation.

The synthesis process takes place in several stages:

• Sodium salicylate can be synthesized by the reaction of salicylic acid with sodium hydroxide, resulting in the formation of sodium salicylate and water.
• Another method of synthesis involves the reaction of sodium phenolate (the sodium salt of phenol) with carbon dioxide, forming sodium salicylate. This reaction is carried out at high pressure and temperature.
• Sodium salicylate can also be synthesized through the metathesis reaction of docusate sodium or sodium NSAID salts with phenothiazine hydrochloride salts. This reaction causes the formation of liquid co-crystals with varying degrees of ionization.
• It can also be synthesized from the reaction of a metathesis product of 1-methyl-3-(3-trimethoxysilylpropylimidazolium) chloride [MTMSPI][Cl] with sodium salicylate through an ionically exchanged reaction. This reaction causes the formation of a solid-supported ionic liquid [MTMSPI][Sal].

It occurs as a fine, white powder or in tiny crystals. Soluble in water, glycerine and sparingly soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene and other organic solvents.

What it is used for and where

The first non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were salicylates for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The best-known applications of salicylates are aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and sodium salicylate, both of which are inexpensive and readily available. 

Medicine

Analgesic, antipyretic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory. Also used as a substitute for aspirin. Against keratosis, dandruff and others. In skin infections caused by fungus.

As a reagent to measure free acid in gastric juices. as an analytical reagent.

In spot microanalysis to determine uranium dioxide and organic synthesis

Cosmetics

It is a restricted ingredient as V/3 a Relevant Item in the Annexes of the European Cosmetics Regulation 1223/2009. Maximum concentration in ready for use preparation: Salicylic acid 0,5 % (acid). Salicylic acid salts: 0,5 % (acid).

Denaturant. It makes cosmetics unpalatable. It is sometimes added to cosmetics containing ethyl alcohol to make it unsuitable for ingestion. The ionic or polar molecules of this ingredient included in formulations that interact with protein groups, modulate the properties of the solution to suit specific needs.

Preservative. Any product containing organic, inorganic compounds, water, needs to be preserved from microbial contamination. Preservatives act against the development of harmful microorganisms and against oxidation of the product.

Studies

Aspirin is preventive against stroke not only because of its antithrombotic properties but also because of other direct effects. The aim of this study was to elucidate its direct neuroprotective effects. The findings of this study show a new mechanism for the neuroprotective effects of aspirin, which occurs at concentrations in the antithrombotic-analgesic range, useful in the management of patients at high risk of ischaemic events (1).

Tinnitus is thought to be caused by damage to the auditory and non-auditory systems due to exposure to loud noises, ageing or other aetiologies.  Sodium salicylate (NaSal) was used to create an animal model of rats with tinnitus, assessed with prepulsive inhibition behaviour.  The results showed that the acquisition and recovery of spatial memory was impaired by treatment with NaSal (2).

Sodium salicylate showed inhibitory activity of quorum sensing, a cell density-dependent signalling system that controls the production of many virulence factors and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and is therefore to be considered as an adjuvant in delayed healing of chronic wounds (3).

The most relevant studies on this chemical compound have been selected with a summary of their contents:

Sodium salicylate studies

Optimal typical characteristics of the commercial product Sodium salicylate

Appearance	Colorless crystal or crystal slice powder
Boiling Point	336.3ºC at 760mmHg
Melting Point	>300 °C(lit.)
Flash Point	144.5ºC
PSA	60.36000
Index of Refraction	1.435
Acidity	2.0ml of 0.01M NaOH
Heavy metal	≤20PPm
Loss on drying	≤0.5%
Sulphate	≤600PPm
Safety

• Molecular Formula : C₇H₅NaO₃
• Linear Formula  HOC₆H₄COONa
• Molecular Weight : 160.104 g/mol 
• Exact mass  160.013641
• CAS : 54-21-7   90218-97-6
• UNII WIQ1H85SYP
• EC Number: 200-198-0
• DSSTox Substance ID: DTXSID5021708
• MDL number  MFCD00002440
• PubChem Substance ID 24899540
• Beilstein   3732792
• InChI=1S/C7H6O3.Na/c8-6-4-2-1-3-5(6)7(9)10;/h1-4,8H,(H,9,10);/q;+1/p-1 
• InChl Key      ABBQHOQBGMUPJH-UHFFFAOYSA-M
• SMILES    C1=CC=C(C(=C1)C(=O)[O-])O.[Na+]
• IUPAC   sodium;2-hydroxybenzoate
• ChEBI  9180
• NACRES  NA.25
• ICSC    
• NSC   202167
• RTECS   
• UN   
• NCI  C834

Synonyms:

• Sodium 2-hydroxybenzoate
• Monosodium 2-hydroxybenzoate
• Salicylic acid sodium salt
• o-Hydroxybenzoic acid, sodium salt
• 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid monosodium salt
• sodium;2-hydroxybenzoate
• Enterosalicyl
• Enterosalil
• Entrosalyl
• Glutosalyl
• Kerasalicyl

References______________________________________________________________________

(1) De Cristóbal J, Cárdenas A, Lizasoain I, Leza JC, Fernández-Tomé P, Lorenzo P, Moro MA. Inhibition of glutamate release via recovery of ATP levels accounts for a neuroprotective effect of aspirin in rat cortical neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Stroke. 2002 Jan;33(1):261-7. doi: 10.1161/hs0102.101299.

(2) Niu H, Ding S, Li H, Wei J, Ren C, Wu X, Huma T, Zhang Q. Effect of Long-Term Sodium Salicylate Administration on Learning, Memory, and Neurogenesis in the Rat Hippocampus. Biomed Res Int. 2018 Apr 1;2018:7807426. doi: 10.1155/2018/7807426.

(3) Gerner E, Almqvist S, Werthén M, Trobos M. Sodium salicylate interferes with quorum-sensing-regulated virulence in chronic wound isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in simulated wound fluid. J Med Microbiol. 2020 May;69(5):767-780. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.001188.