Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Svensson A. Allergic contact dermatitis to laureth-4. Contact Dermatitis. 1988 Feb;18(2):113-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02759.x.

Friberg SE, Aikens PA. Constant vapor pressure emulsions evaporation: Linalool/water stabilized by Laureth 4. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2009 May 15;333(2):599-604. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.02.034.

Abstract.  Evaporation paths were calculated in the title system using the relevant part of its published phase diagram and the assumption of equilibrium between vapor and liquids.

Friberg SE, Szymula M, Fei L, Barber J, Al-Bawab A, Aikens PA. Vapour pressure of a fragrance ingredient during evaporation in a simple emulsion. Int J Cosmet Sci. 1997 Dec;19(6):259-70. doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2494.1997.171722.x.

Abstract. The phase diagram water, phenethyl alcohol and laureth 4 was determined and the variation of the vapour pressure of the alcohol was determined during evaporation using gas chromatographic head-space analysis.

 Friberg SE, Al Bawab A. Phase behavior of beta hydroxy-acids with laureth 4. J Pharm Sci. 2006 Aug;95(8):1834-40. doi: 10.1002/jps.20554.

Abstract. The colloidal structures of beta carboxylic acid topical vesicle formulations were determined and the changes during evaporation after applications were estimated from phase diagrams. 

Al-Bawab A. Investigation of the phase behavior and an evaporation study of systems of lavender oil, water, Laureth 4, and Tween 80. J Cosmet Sci. 2003 Sep-Oct;54(5):429-41.

Abstract. Natural essential lavender oil was obtained by steam distillation from the flowering plants. The phase behavior of a system of natural lavender oil, distilled water, and two stabilizers was investigated.

Al-Bawab A, Friberg SE. Phase behavior of the alpha-hydroxyoctanoic acid/Laureth 4/white oil/water system and preliminary evaluation of the phase changes during evaporation of its emulsion. J Cosmet Sci. 2002 May-Jun;53(3):151-64.

Abstract. The phase diagram was determined for the alpha-hydroxyoctanoic acid/Laureth 4/white oil/water system using visual observation with an optical microscope. Typical emulsions were evaporated to determine the structural changes.

Laureth-4 is a chemical compound, extracted from lauric acid, a saturated fat derived from coconut or palm oil, by ethylene oxide ethoxylation procedure, so it is not uncommon to find residues of ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane, chemical compounds considered carcinogenic. 

Laureths belong to the family of alkyl polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers, compounds produced by the reaction of lauryl alcohol and one or more ethylene oxide equivalents.

The name describes the structure of the molecule:

• Laureth is a mixture of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lauryl alcohol. The term 'laureth' is a contraction of 'lauryl ether', where 'lauryl' refers to the lauryl group derived from lauric acid, a medium-chain fatty acid found in coconut and palm oil.
• 4 is the average number of repeated ethylene oxide (EO) units in the molecule.

The synthesis process takes place in different steps:

• Extraction.The raw materials are lauryl alcohol and ethylene oxide. Lauryl alcohol is obtained from coconut or palm oil, while ethylene oxide is a petrochemical product.
• Ethoxylation. Lauryl alcohol is reacted with ethylene oxide in a process called ethoxylation. This reaction is catalysed by a base, usually a strong alkali such as potassium hydroxide. The "4" in "Laureth-4" indicates that for every mole of lauryl alcohol, an average of 4 moles of ethylene oxide are added.
• Neutralisation. The product of the ethoxylation reaction is neutralised, usually with an acid such as citric acid.
• Purification. The resulting product is purified through a series of steps that may include distillation and filtration to remove any unreacted materials and by-products.
• Quality control. The final product is tested to ensure that it meets quality standards.

It appears as a clear, water-white to slightly pale yellow liquid.

What it is used for and where it is used

It is a chemical intermediate, a commercial non-ionic thickening and solubilising agent with an emulsifying function and is used in cosmetic products such as shampoos, liquid soaps and other personal care products such as moisturisers, deodorants and cuticle softeners. Emulsifiers have the property of directly influencing the stability, sensory properties and surface tension of sunscreens by modulating their filmometric performance.

Antistatic agent. Static electricity build-up has a direct influence on products and causes electrostatic adsorption. The antistatic ingredient reduces static build-up and surface resistivity on the surface of the skin and hair.

Deodorant agent. When substances that give off an unpleasant odour are included in cosmetic formulations (typical examples are methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulphide derived from garlic), deodorants attenuate or eliminate the unpleasant exhalation.

Laureth-4 gives a soft appearance to cosmetic products in which it is used.

"Laureth-4 studies"

Caratteristiche tipiche ottimali del prodotto commerciale Tetraethyleneglycol monododecyl ether

• Molecular Formula   C₂₀H₄₂O₅
• Linear Formula   CH₃(CH₂)₁₁(OCH₂CH₂)₄OH
• Molecular Weight   362.551 g/mol
• Exact Mass   362.303223
• CAS  5274-68-0   68551-12-2
• EC Number: 226-097-1
• IUPAC  2-[2-[2-(2-dodecoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethanol
• InChI=1S/C20H42O5/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-13-22-15-17-24-19-20-25-18-16-23-14-12-21/h21H,2-20H2,1H3 
• InChl Key      WPMWEFXCIYCJSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• SMILES  CCCCCCCCCCCCOCCOCCOCCOCCO
• PubChem Substance ID 57653173
• DSSTox Substance ID   DTXSID3063752
• NSC   190605
• MDL number MFCD00043063
• Beilstein Registry Number 1791369
• NACRES  NA.25

Synonyms: 

• 3,6,9,12-Tetraoxatetracosan-1-ol
• PEG-4 Lauryl ether
• Tetraethylene glycol monododecyl ether
• 3,6,9,12-Tetraoxatetracosan-1-ol
• Tetraethylene glycol monolauryl ether
• Tetraethylene glycol monododecyl ether
• Lauryl alcohol tri(oxyethylene) ethanol
• Dodecyltetraglycol
• Tetraoxyethylene glycol monododecyl ether
• Tetraethylene glycol dodecyl ether
• Polyoxyethylene (4) lauryl ether
• LA 4
• Dodecyl tetraethylene glycol ether
• Polyoxyethylene(4) lauryl ether
• Ethanol, 2-(2-(2-(2-(dodecyloxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)-
• Dodecyltetraethylene glycol monoether
• 2-{2-[2-(2-dodecyloxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}ethan-1-ol
• Polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether
• Ethanol, 2-[2-[2-[2-(dodecyloxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]-
• Tetra(oxyethylene) dodecyl ether
• tetraethyleneglycol monododecyl ether
• Tetra(oxydiethanol) monodecyl ether
• 3,9,12-Tetraoxatetracosan-1-ol
• n-Dodecyl tetraethylene glycol ether