Red Spinach Extract Supplementation Improves Cycle Time Trial Performance in Recreationally Active Men and Women.
Gonzalez AM, Accetta MR, Spitz RW, Mangine GT, Ghigiarelli JJ, Sell KM.
J Strength Cond Res. 2019 May 24. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003173.

Ready-to-Eat Salad Crops: A Plant Pathogen's Heaven.
Gullino ML, Gilardi G, Garibaldi A.
Plant Dis. 2019 Sep;103(9):2153-2170. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-03-19-0472-FE.

Ameliorative Effect of Spinach on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced in Rats by a High-Fat Diet.
Elvira-Torales LI, Martín-Pozuelo G, González-Barrio R, Navarro-González I, Pallarés FJ, Santaella M, García-Alonso J, Sevilla Á, Periago-Castón MJ.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Apr 3;20(7). pii: E1662. doi: 10.3390/ijms20071662.

Spinacia oleracea Linn Considered as one of the Most Perfect Foods: an Pharmacological and Phytochemical Review.
Gutierrez RMP, Velazquez EG, Carrera SPP.
Mini Rev Med Chem. 2019 Jun 2. doi: 10.2174/1389557519666190603090347.

Effects on intestinal cellular bioaccessibility of carotenoids and cellular biological activity as a consequence of co-ingestion of anthocyanin- and carotenoid-rich vegetables.
Phan MAT, Bucknall MP, Arcot J.
Food Chem. 2019 Jul 15;286:678-685. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.046.

Oxygen Availability during Growth Modulates the Phytochemical Profile and the Chemo-Protective Properties of Spinach Juice.
Milano F, Mussi F, Fornaciari S, Altunoz M, Forti L, Arru L, Buschini A.
Biomolecules. 2019 Feb 4;9(2). pii: E53. doi: 10.3390/biom9020053.

Effects of copper on the growth, antioxidant enzymes and photosynthesis of spinach seedlings.
Gong Q, Wang L, Dai T, Zhou J, Kang Q, Chen H, Li K, Li Z.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019 Apr 30;171:771-780. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.016.

The gastrointestinal behavior of emulsifiers used to formulate excipient emulsions impact the bioavailability of β-carotene from spinach.
Yuan X, Xiao J, Liu X, McClements DJ, Cao Y, Xiao H.
Food Chem. 2019 Apr 25;278:811-819. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.135.

Efficacy of ABA-Mimicking Ligands in Controlling Water Loss and Maintaining Antioxidative Capacity of Spinacia oleracea.
Ma D, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Li B, Chen T, Tian S.
J Agric Food Chem. 2018 Dec 26;66(51):13397-13404. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05859.

Liberation of lutein from spinach: Effects of heating time, microwave-reheating and liquefaction.
Chung RWS, Leanderson P, Gustafsson N, Jonasson L.
Food Chem. 2019 Mar 30;277:573-578. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.023.

Novel biologically active principles from spinach, goji and quinoa.
Fiorito S, Preziuso F, Epifano F, Scotti L, Bucciarelli T, Taddeo VA, Genovese S.
Food Chem. 2019 Mar 15;276:262-265. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.018.

Anti-Stress and Anti-Depressive Effects of Spinach Extracts on a Chronic Stress-Induced Depression Mouse Model through Lowering Blood Corticosterone and Increasing Brain Glutamate and Glutamine Levels.
Son H, Jung S, Shin JH, Kang MJ, Kim HJ.
J Clin Med. 2018 Oct 31;7(11). pii: E406. doi: 10.3390/jcm7110406.

Cloud point extraction of chlorophylls from spinach leaves using aqueous solutions of non-ionic surfactants.
Leite AC, Ferreira AM, Morais ES, Khan I, Freire MG, Coutinho JAP.
ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2018 Jan 2;6(1):590-599. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02931.

Enhancement of Antioxidant Quality of Green Leafy Vegetables upon Different Cooking Method.
Hossain A, Khatun MA, Islam M, Huque R.
Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2017 Sep;22(3):216-222. doi: 10.3746/pnf.2017.22.3.216.

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is an annual plant belonging to the Amaranthaceae family.

The most common species are green spinach and red spinach (with red streaks).

It is rich in minerals, vitamins, carotenoids, polysaccharides and has been used by traditional medicine as an antioxidant therapeutic agent (1).

Compared to other plants, the consumption of spinach remains rather low despite the fact that he has many positive activities for human health such as (2):

• prevent macromolecular oxidative damage
• modulate the expression and activity of genes involved in metabolism, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity
• curb food intake by inducing secretion of satiety hormones (anti-obesity)
  

 Among the most interesting components present in spinach are some flavonoids that exert antimutagenic properties (3):

• spinacetin
• 5,3',4'-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavone
• protocatechuic acid
• ferulic acid
• coumaric acid

Based on the results of this study, it was deduced that extracts of spinach leaves exert antimicrobial activity both by inducing mutations in the DNA and by causing interruptions of the cell wall of the bacteria (4) .

Spinach studies

References__________________________________________

(1) Partial characterization of the edible Spinacia oleracea polysaccharides: Cytoprotective and antioxidant potentials against Cd induced toxicity in HCT116 and HEK293 cells.  Mzoughi Z, Souid G, Timoumi R, Le Cerf D, Majdoub H.  Int J Biol Macromol. 2019 Sep 1;136:332-340. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.089.

(2) Functional properties of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) phytochemicals and bioactives. Roberts JL, Moreau R.  Food Funct. 2016 Aug 10;7(8):3337-53. doi: 10.1039/c6fo00051g.

(3) Detection of flavonoids from Spinacia oleracea leaves using HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and UPLC-QqQLIT-MS/MS techniques.  Singh A, Singh P, Kumar B, Kumar S, Dev K, Maurya R.  Nat Prod Res. 2019 Aug;33(15):2253-2256. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1489395