Chemical composition of fennel seed extract and determination of fenchone in commercial formulations by GC-MS method.
Alam P, Abdel-Kader MS, Alqarni MH, Zaatout HH, Ahamad SR, Shakeel F.
J Food Sci Technol. 2019 May;56(5):2395-2403. doi: 10.1007/s13197-019-03695-9.

Foeniculum vulgare as Valuable Plant in Management of Women's Health.
Mahboubi M.
J Menopausal Med. 2019 Apr;25(1):1-14. doi: 10.6118/jmm.2019.25.1.1.

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Foeniculum vulgare Mill Essential Oils.
Ghasemian A, Al-Marzoqi AH, Mostafavi SKS, Alghanimi YK, Teimouri M.
J Gastrointest Cancer. 2019 May 9. doi: 10.1007/s12029-019-00241-w.

Foeniculum vulgare and Pelargonium graveolens Essential Oil Mixture Trigger the Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells.
El-Garawani I, El Nabi SH, Nafie E, Almeldin S.
Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2019 Mar 25. doi: 10.2174/1573399815666190326115116.

The comparison of fennel infusion plus dry cupping versus metformin in management of oligomenorrhoea in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised clinical trial.
Mokaberinejad R, Rampisheh Z, Aliasl J, Akhtari E.
J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019 Jul;39(5):652-658. doi: 10.1080/01443615.2018.1541232.

Effect of Foeniculum Vulgare (Fennel) on Sleep Quality of Menopausal Women: A Double-blinded, Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial.
Afiat M, Dizavandi FR, Kargarfard L, Vahed SHM, Ghazanfarpour M.
J Menopausal Med. 2018 Dec;24(3):204-209. doi: 10.6118/jmm.2018.24.3.204.

Health Benefits of Fennel, Rosemary Volatile Oils and their Nano-Forms in Dyslipidemic Rat Model.
Al-Okbi SY, Hussein AMS, Elbakry HFH, Fouda KA, Mahmoud KF, Hassan ME.
Pak J Biol Sci. 2018 Jan;21(7):348-358. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2018.348.358.

Efficacy of bio-optimized extracts of turmeric and essential fennel oil on the quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
Di Ciaula A, Portincasa P, Maes N, Albert A.
Ann Gastroenterol. 2018 Nov-Dec;31(6):685-691. doi: 10.20524/aog.2018.0304.

Efficacy of a Herbal Formulation Based on Foeniculum Vulgare in Oligo/Amenorrhea: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Falahat F, Ayatiafin S, Jarahi L, Mokaberinejad R, Rakhshandeh H, Feyzabadi Z, Tavakkoli M.
Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2018 Oct 29. doi: 10.2174/1570163815666181029120512.

Effect of Fennel on the Health Status of Menopausal Women: A Systematic and Meta-analysis.
Khadivzadeh T, Najafi MN, Kargarfard L, Ghazanfarpour M, Dizavandi FR, Khorsand I.
J Menopausal Med. 2018 Apr;24(1):67-74. doi: 10.6118/jmm.2018.24.1.67.

The immunoinhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activities of Foeniculum vulgare on human peripheral blood lymphocytes.
Darzi SE, Khazraei SP, Amirghofran Z.
Res Pharm Sci. 2018 Apr;13(2):103-110. doi: 10.4103/1735-5362.223792.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) is a seasonal herb belonging to the Apiaceae family.

The fennel plant originated in the southern Mediterranean region and is spread across all northern, eastern and western hemispheres, particularly in Asia, North America and Europe.

The Romans cultivated it for its seeds and Charlemagne encouraged its cultivation in Central Europe.

Due to its aroma, taste and antimicrobial properties, fennel is used in cosmetic and food industry.

It has been used in traditional medicine for a wide range of disorders related to digestive, endocrine, reproductive and respiratory systems, such as Ayurvedic medicine, Unani, Siddha.

Thanks to the aroma, taste and antimicrobial properties, fennel is used in cosmetics and the food industry.

Fennel is one of the highest plant sources of potassium, sodium, phosphorus and calcium (1).

Fatty acids. About twenty-one fatty acids have been identified and quantified by fennel (2).

From the fennel is obtained an essential oil that is used against pathogens (3).

This study explains the antiperglycemic activity of fennel extract in investigations undertaken in laboratory animals (4).

Fennel studies

References______________________________________________________________________

(1) Shamkant B. Badgujar, Vainav V. Patel, and Atmaram H. Bandivdekar Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology
Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014: 842674.  doi:  10.1155/2014/842674

(2) Roby MHH, Sarhan MA, Selim KA, Khalel KI. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Industrial Crops and Products. 2013;44:437–445.

(3) Kwiatkowski P, Pruss A, Masiuk H, Mnichowska-Polanowska M, Kaczmarek M, Giedrys-Kalemba S, Dołęgowska B, Zielińska-Bliźniewska H, Olszewski J, Sienkiewicz M. The effect of fennel essential oil and trans-anethole on antibacterial activity of mupirocin against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from asymptomatic carriers.    Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2019 Jun;36(3):308-314. doi: 10.5114/ada.2018.76425

(4) El-Ouady F, Lahrach N, Ajebli M, El Haidani A, Eddouks M.  Antihyperglycemic effect of the aqueous extract of Foeniculum vulgare in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.   Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets. 2019 Jun 12. doi: 10.2174/1871525717666190612121516