Fatty Acid Profile and Cardiometabolic Markers in Relation with Diet Type and Omega-3 Supplementation in Spanish Vegetarians.
Salvador AM, García-Maldonado E, Gallego-Narbón A, Zapatera B, Vaquero MP.
Nutrients. 2019 Jul 20;11(7). pii: E1659. doi: 10.3390/nu11071659.

Cloning and molecular characterization of three lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases expressed in flax seeds.
Fahs Z, Rossez Y, Guénin S, Gutierrez L, Thomasset B, Perrin Y.
Plant Sci. 2019 Mar;280:41-50. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.10.026.

Antiobesity Effect of Flaxseed Polysaccharide via Inducing Satiety due to Leptin Resistance Removal and Promoting Lipid Metabolism through the AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Signaling Pathway.
Luo J, Qi J, Wang W, Luo Z, Liu L, Zhang G, Zhou Q, Liu J, Peng X.
J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Jun 26;67(25):7040-7049. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02434.

Linum usitatissimum L. seeds: Flax gum extraction, physicochemical and functional characterization.
Rashid F, Ahmed Z, Hussain S, Huang JY, Ahmad A.
Carbohydr Polym. 2019 Jul 1;215:29-38. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.054.

Cloning and molecular characterization of three lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases expressed in flax seeds.
Fahs Z, Rossez Y, Guénin S, Gutierrez L, Thomasset B, Perrin Y.
Plant Sci. 2019 Mar;280:41-50. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.10.026.

Insight into the Influence of Cultivar Type, Cultivation Year, and Site on the Lignans and Related Phenolic Profiles, and the Health-Promoting Antioxidant Potential of Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Seeds.
Garros L, Drouet S, Corbin C, Decourtil C, Fidel T, Lebas de Lacour J, Leclerc EA, Renouard S, Tungmunnithum D, Doussot J, Abassi BH, Maunit B, Lainé É, Fliniaux O, Mesnard F, Hano C.
Molecules. 2018 Oct 14;23(10). pii: E2636. doi: 10.3390/molecules23102636.

Comparison of flax (Linum usitatissimum) and Salba-chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds on postprandial glycemia and satiety in healthy individuals: a randomized, controlled, crossover study.
Vuksan V, Choleva L, Jovanovski E, Jenkins AL, Au-Yeung F, Dias AG, Ho HV, Zurbau A, Duvnjak L.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017 Feb;71(2):234-238. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.148.

Animal feed

Effect of dietary flax seed and oil on milk yield, gross composition, and fatty acid profile in dairy cows: A meta-analysis and meta-regression.
Leduc M, Létourneau-Montminy MP, Gervais R, Chouinard PY.
J Dairy Sci. 2017 Nov;100(11):8906-8927. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-12637.

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L) is a plant cultivated since ancient times (30.000 years ago ) for the production of oil and dietary fiber an it is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region and temperate climate zone.

Although the composition varies with growing environment, it typically consists of 41% fat, 20% protein, and 28% fiber (by weight) (1)

In the seeds there are interesting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory components such as the phenylpropanoid compounds, vanillic acid, vanillin, coumaric acid, ferulic acid and are the richest source of alpha-linolenic acid as well as an excellent source of dietary fiber.

Consumption of food products from animals fed with flax seed as a source of n-3 fatty acids, including milk, has been associated with positive effects on the lipid profile of blood in humans (Malpuech-Brugère et al., 2010).

In this study on diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia and associated with aberrations in the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid that result in development of secondary complications. Extensive studies have indicated that nutritional therapy plays a pivotal role in the controlling or postponing of development of these secondary complications. Several functional foods have been shown to possess hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. Flax seed (FS) is a functional food that is rich in omega 3 fatty acids and antioxidants and is low in carbohydrates. In exploratory studies, FS was incorporated in recipes, which resulted in a reduction in the glycemic index of the food items. These observations prompted us to investigate the efficacy of FS supplementation in type 2 diabetics (n = 29). Subjects were assigned to the experimental (n = 18) or the control group (n = 11) on the basis of their desire to participate in the study. The experimental group's diet was supplemented daily with 10 g of FS powder for a period of 1 month. The control group received no supplementation or placebo. During the study, diet and drug intake of the subjects remained unaltered. The efficacy of supplementation with FS was evaluated through a battery of clinico-biochemical parameters. Supplementation with FS reduced fasting blood glucose by 19.7% and glycated hemoglobin by 15.6%. A favorable reduction in total cholesterol (14.3%), triglycerides (17.5%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (21.8%), and apolipoprotein B and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (11.9%) were also noticed. These observations suggest the therapeutic potential of FS in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Flax seeds studies

References________________________________________________________________________

(1) Katare C., Saxena S., Agrawal S., Prasad G., Bisen P. Flax seed: a potential medicinal food. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2012;2:2

(2) An open-label study on the effect of flax seed powder (Linum usitatissimum) supplementation in the management of diabetes mellitus.
Mani UV, Mani I, Biswas M, Kumar SN.
J Diet Suppl. 2011 Sep;8(3):257-65. doi: 10.3109/19390211.2011.593615. Epub 2011 Jul 15.