Hydroxyapatite is a mineral composed mainly of calcium and is present in the human body and milk in good quantities and is found in bones and teeth where it acts as a shield for caries. However, when used as a food additive, this study on nanoparticles draws consumers' attention to the dangers of prolonged use (1).

Carbonate hydroxyapatite in granules is used to improve the binding potential of bioactive molecules to bioceramics (2).

The carbonate ion, in the structure of Carbonate hydroxyapatite is of special interest as it has an impact on several human tissue diseases, such as dental caries (3).

Carbonate hydroxyapatite can also be used as a good bone substitute (4).

Molecular Formula: Ca₅(PO₄,CO₃)₃(OH)

Molecular Weight: 484,83 g/mol

References____________________________________________________

(1) Nano-TiO2 Drives Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Intestinal Epithelial Cancer Cells.
Setyawati MI, Sevencan C, Bay BH, Xie J, Zhang Y, Demokritou P, Leong DT
Small. 2018 Jul;14(30):e1800922. doi: 10.1002/smll.201800922.

(2) Carbonate hydroxyapatite functionalization: a comparative study towards (bio)molecules fixation.  Russo L, Taraballi F, Lupo C, Poveda A, Jiménez-Barbero J, Sandri M, Tampieri A, Nicotra F, Cipolla L.  Interface Focus. 2014 Feb 6;4(1):20130040. doi: 10.1098/rsfs.2013.0040

(3) Ion substitutions and non-stoichiometry of carbonated apatite-(CaOH) synthesised by precipitation and hydrothermal methods. O. Frank-Kamenetskaya, A. Kol'tsov, M. Kuz'mina, M. Zorina, and L. Poritskaya,  Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 992, no. 1–3, pp. 9–18, 2011.

(4) Carbonated hydroxyapatite as bone substitute. E.Landi, G.Celotti, G.Logroscino, A.Tampieri Journal of the European Ceramic Society  Volume 23, Issue 15, 2003, Pages 2931-2937