Bone and cartilage defects are generally caused by trauma, cancer, infection, congenital deformity, arthrosis, arthritis, osteoarthritis, old age.
Components that help in bone tissue health are substances that can contribute to keeping bones strong and healthy. Here are some examples
- Calcium. Essential for building and maintaining bone strength.
- Vitamin D. Helps the body absorb calcium and is crucial for bone health.
- Magnesium. Important for bone formation and mineral balance in bones.
- Phosphorus. Works together with calcium to build strong bones.
- Vitamin K. Necessary for the synthesis of important proteins for bone health.
- Protein. Provides the amino acids needed for building and maintaining bone tissue.
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Can reduce inflammation and promote bone health.
- Zinc. Contributes to bone formation and the fracture healing process.
- Boron. Can influence the metabolism of minerals involved in bone health.
- Regular Physical Exercise. Physical activity, especially weight-bearing or impact exercises, stimulates bone formation.
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Components that can contribute to or exacerbate bone tissue health issues include various factors that can weaken bones or increase the risk of bone diseases. Here are some examples
- Calcium Deficiency. A diet low in calcium can lead to decreased bone density and increased risk of osteoporosis.
- Low Vitamin D Intake. Without enough vitamin D, the body cannot adequately absorb calcium, compromising bone health.
- Cigarette Smoking. Smoking can reduce calcium absorption and damage bone structure.
- Excessive Alcohol Consumption. Alcohol can interfere with the mineral balance in bones and reduce their density.
- Lack of Physical Activity. A sedentary lifestyle can lead to reduced bone density.
- Excess Sodium. High sodium intake can cause greater calcium loss through urine.
- Excessive Caffeine Consumption. Large amounts of caffeine can interfere with calcium absorption.
- Diet Low in Magnesium and Phosphorus. These minerals are important for bone health, and their deficiency can compromise bone structure.
- Advanced Age. As we age, bones tend to become more brittle and less dense.
Studies
To improve the regeneration of damaged joint tissues, such as osteoarthritic and rheumatoid arthritic cartilage, platelet rich plasma is used (1).
The results of this work suggest that intra-articular administration of gelatin hydrogel conjugated with simvastatin could be used as a new potential therapy for osteoarthritis (2).
This review aims to cover the latest developments on the use of different nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering, with emphasis on their application for scaffold improvement, drug and gene delivery vectors and labelling techniques (3).
References_________________________________________________________________________
(1) Hara C, Kubota S, Nishida T, Hiasa M, Hattori T, Aoyama E, Moriyama Y, Kamioka H, Takigawa M. Involvement of multiple CCN family members in platelets that support regeneration of joint tissues. Mod Rheumatol. 2016 Nov;26(6):940-949. doi: 10.3109/14397595.2016.1155255.
(2) Tanaka T, Matsushita T, Nishida K, Takayama K, Nagai K, Araki D, Matsumoto T, Tabata Y, Kuroda R. Attenuation of osteoarthritis progression in mice following intra-articular administration of simvastatin-conjugated gelatin hydrogel. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2019 Jan 15. doi: 10.1002/term.2804
(3) Vieira S, Vial S, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering. Biotechnol Prog. 2017 May;33(3):590-611. doi: 10.1002/btpr.2469.
