Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Zhang Q, Zhou PH, Zhou XL, Zhang DL, Gu Q, Zhang SJ, Zhang J, Zhang JS, Qian ZY. Effect of magnesium gluconate administration on lipid metabolism, antioxidative status, and related gene expression in rats fed a high-fat diet. Magnes Res. 2018 Nov 1;31(4):117-130. doi: 10.1684/mrh.2019.0445.

Abstract

To explore the effect of magnesium gluconate (MgG) on lipid metabolism and its regulation mechanism through animal experiments, and to provide basis for MgG dietary intervention in hyperlipidemia. The first four weeks was hyperlipidemia-inducing period through high-fat diet and the following eight weeks was the MgG supplementation. At the end of the experiment, blood and liver samples were collected for the measurements of lipid profile, antioxidative indexes, pathological examination, and cholesterol metabolism-related gene expression. Oral administration of MgG notably decreased the blood levels of TC, TG, LDL-C and liver function index ALT and AST of hyperlipidemic rats. The rats supplemented with magnesium showed a huge increase in the GSH-Px and SOD activities, and reduced the heart weight and liver lipid accumulation of high-fat diet fed rats. MgG remarkably up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of LDLR and CYP7A1 of liver enzymes related to cholesterol metabolism. Oral magnesium supplementation inhibited an increase in lipid profile and liver function index by a high-fat diet, and enhanced the activity of the antioxidant enzymes. Magnesium has lipid-lowering and antioxidative effects that protect the liver against hyperlipidemia.

Li S, Tian H. Oral low-dose magnesium gluconate preventing pregnancy induced hypertension. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 1997 Oct;32(10):613-5. Chinese.

Abstract

Objective: To study the effects of oral low-dose magnesium gluconate in prevention of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) and its mechanism.

Methods: A prospective randomized double-blind study was carried out in 51 pregnant women as treatment group (including 22 cases as treatment group 1 and 29 cases as treatment group 2) and 51 pregnant women as controls (including 28 cases as controls group 1 and 23 cases as control group 2). Low-dose magnesium gluconate (3 g/day) or placebo was given from the 28th week of gestation to delivery consecutively.

Results: 4% of the pregnant women developed PIH after magnesium gluconate treatment, which was substantially lower than that in the control group (16%) (P < 0.05). In the treatment group 2, women showed higher concentration of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (PGF1a) and 6-keto-/thromboxane B2(TXB2) (P/T) ratio than that of the control group 2. Moreover, TXB2 level was lower than that in the control group 2. In the treatment group 1 women showed higher ratio of P/T than that of the control group 1. There were no significant differences of serum magnesium concentration among all groups.

Conclusion: Low-dose magnesium gluconate may efficiently prevent PIH in high risk women. The mechanism of action of magnesium gluconate probably involves to keep the balance of PGI2 and TXA2, but not associates with serum magnesium level.

Martin RW, Martin JN Jr, Pryor JA, Gaddy DK, Wiser WL, Morrison JC. Comparison of oral ritodrine and magnesium gluconate for ambulatory tocolysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988 Jun;158(6 Pt 1):1440-5. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(88)90379-1.

Abstract

Magnesium sulfate has been administered intravenously to arrest preterm labor but the oral form of this drug cannot be used for continual tocolysis. This trial involved the administration of oral magnesium gluconate to determine its effectiveness compared with that of ritodrine hydrochloride in 50 patients whose labor had been arrested by parenteral therapy. Group A (n = 25) received 1 gm of oral magnesium gluconate every 2 to 4 hours for tocolysis and group B (n = 25) received 10 mg of ritodrine every 2 to 4 hours. The number of patients who progressed to 37 weeks' gestation was similar (group A, 21 versus group B, 19) and the time gained in utero was not different (group A, 6.4 weeks versus group B, 5.9 weeks). There was a trend toward more side effects with the use of ritodrine (40%) compared with magnesium gluconate (16%), but the numbers were too small to reveal a significant difference. These data suggest that magnesium gluconate used as an oral tocolytic is as effective as a beta-agonist in patients whose labor is arrested initially with intravenous therapy.

Kaufman SS, Loseke CA, Anderson JB, Murray ND, Vanderhoof JA, Young RJ. Magnesium acetate vs. magnesium gluconate supplementation in short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1993 Jan;16(1):104-5. doi: 10.1097/00005176-199301000-00025.

Magnesium Gluconate is a chemical compound, organometallic pharmaceutical salt of magnesium with gluconic acid. Gluconic acid is a weak organic acid that is derived from the oxidation or dehydrogenation of glucose found in honey, fruit.

In medicine it is an organometallic pharmaceutical antioxidant compound used for the prevention and treatment of hypomagnesemia as a source of magnesium ions (1). 

Magnesium gluconate has important properties for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (2), is neuroprotective (3), can help in cases of ischemia/reperfusion injury (4).

It is used as a food additive with the function of acidity regulator.

In cosmetics it functions as a skin firming agent (5).

It also has strong chelating properties to the anions of copper, iron, calcium, aluminum and many other heavy metals.

Magnesium gluconate studies

Molecular Formula : C₁₂H₂₂MgO₁₄    C₁₂H₂₂MgO₁₄ · xH₂O    Mg(HOCH₂(CHOH)₄CO₂)₂

Molecular Weight: 414.60 g/mol

CAS: 3632-91-5

UNII TH52F4317B

EC Number: 222-848-2

DSSTox Substance ID: 24895362

MDL number  MFCD00150971

PubChem Substance ID 

NACRES:  NA.25

Sinonimi: 

• D-Gluconic acid magnesium salt
• D-Gluconic acid hemimagnesium salt
• Magnesium gluconate anhydrous
• Magnesium gluconate hydrate
• Almora

References___________________________________________________________________

(1) Trivedi MK, Dixit N, Panda P, Sethi KK, Jana S. In-depth investigation on physicochemical and thermal properties of magnesium (II) gluconate using spectroscopic and thermoanalytical techniques. J Pharm Anal. 2017 Oct;7(5):332-337. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2017.03.006.

(2) Gums JG. Magnesium in cardiovascular and other disorders. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2004 Aug 1;61(15):1569-76. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/61.15.1569. 

(3) Turner RJ, Dasilva KW, O'Connor C, van den Heuvel C, Vink R. Magnesium gluconate offers no more protection than magnesium sulphate following diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Oct;23(5):541S-544S. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719399. 

(4) Weglicki William B.. INTRAVENOUS MAGNESIUM GLUCONATE FOR TREATMENT OF CONDITIONS CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE OXIDATIVE STRESS DUE TO FREE RADICAL DISTRIBUTION. European Patent Office Publ. of Application with search report EP19970905624. 24 Jan 1997.

(5)  Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Neena Dixit, Parthasarathi Panda, Kalyan Kumar Sethi, Snehasis Jana, In-depth investigation on physicochemical and thermal properties of magnesium (II) gluconate using spectroscopic and thermoanalytical techniques, Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Volume 7, Issue 5, 2017, Pages 332-337, ISSN 2095-1779, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2017.03.006. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095177917300254) Abstract: Magnesium gluconate is a classical organometallic pharmaceutical compound used for the prevention and treatment of hypomagnesemia as a source of magnesium ion. The present research described the in-depth study on solid state properties viz. physicochemical and thermal properties of magnesium gluconate using sophisticated analytical techniques like PXRD, PSA, FT-IR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, TGA/DTG, and DSC. Magnesium gluconate was found to be crystalline in nature along with the crystallite size ranging from 14.10 to 47.35nm. The particle size distribution was at d(0.1)=6.552µm, d(0.5)=38.299µm, d(0.9)=173.712µm and D(4,3)=67.122µm along with the specific surface area of 0.372m2/g. The wavelength for the maximum absorbance was at 198.0nm. Magnesium gluconate exhibited 88.51% weight loss with three stages of thermal degradation process up to 895.18°C from room temperature. The TGA/DTG thermograms of the analyte indicated that magnesium gluconate was thermally stable up to around 165°C. Consequently, the melting temperature of magnesium gluconate was found to be 169.90°C along with the enthalpy of fusion of 308.7J/g. Thus, the authors conclude that the achieved results from this study are very useful in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries for the identification, characterization and qualitative analysis of magnesium gluconate for preformulation studies and also for developing magnesium gluconate based novel formulation.