Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Gaultier F, Ejeil AL, Dridi SM, Piccardi N, Piccirilli A, Msika P, Pellat B, Godeau G, Gogly B. Lupinus albus, a novel vegetable extract with metalloproteinase inhibitory properties: a potential periodontal therapy. J Periodontol. 2005 Aug;76(8):1329-38. doi: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.8.1329.

Bähr M, Fechner A, Kiehntopf M, Jahreis G. Consuming a mixed diet enriched with lupin protein beneficially affects plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2015 Feb;34(1):7-14. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.03.008.

Fechner A, Kiehntopf M, Jahreis G. The formation of short-chain fatty acids is positively associated with the blood lipid-lowering effect of lupin kernel fiber in moderately hypercholesterolemic adults. J Nutr. 2014 May;144(5):599-607. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.186858.

Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med. 2000 Mar 23;342(12):836-43. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200003233421202.

Knecht KT, Nguyen H, Auker AD, Kinder DH. Effects of extracts of lupine seed on blood glucose levels in glucose resistant mice: antihyperglycemic effects of Lupinus albus (white lupine, Egypt) and Lupinus caudatus (tailcup lupine, Mesa Verde National Park). J Herb Pharmacother. 2006;6(3-4):89-104. doi: 10.1080/j157v06n03_04. 

Gaultier F, Foucault-Bertaud A, Lamy E, Ejeil AL, Dridi SM, Piccardi N, Piccirilli A, Msika P, Godeau G, Gogly B. Effects of a vegetable extract from Lupinus albus (LU105) on the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP1, MMP2, MMP9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP1, TIMP2) by human gingival fibroblasts in culture. Clin Oral Investig. 2003 Dec;7(4):198-205. doi: 10.1007/s00784-003-0210-y.

Foucault-Bertaud A, Lamy E, Senni K, Gaultier F, Ejeil AL, Piccirilli A, Piccardi N, Msika P, Godeau G, Gogly B. Protective effect of a vegetable extract from Lupinus albus (LU 105) on human gingival elastic fibers degradation by human leukocyte elastase. Clin Oral Investig. 2003 Dec;7(4):206-11. doi: 10.1007/s00784-003-0225-4.

Ben Hassine A, Rocchetti G, Zhang L, Senizza B, Zengin G, Mahomoodally MF, Ben-Attia M, Rouphael Y, Lucini L, El-Bok S. Untargeted Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Capacity and Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Cultivated and Wild Lupin Seeds from Tunisia. Molecules. 2021 Jun 7;26(11):3452. doi: 10.3390/molecules26113452.

Guzmán TJ, Martínez-Ayala AL, García-López PM, Soto-Luna IC, Gurrola-Díaz CM. Effect of the acute and chronic administration of Lupinus albus β-conglutin on glycaemia, circulating cholesterol, and genes potentially involved. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021 Jan;133:110969. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110969.

Gao Y, Zhang X, Ren G, Wu C, Qin P, Yao Y. Peptides from Extruded Lupin (Lupinus albus L.) Regulate Inflammatory Activity via the p38 MAPK Signal Transduction Pathway in RAW 264.7 Cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2020 Oct 21;68(42):11702-11709. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02476.

Karamać M, Orak HH, Amarowicz R, Orak A, Piekoszewski W. Phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of wild and cultivated white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) seeds. Food Chem. 2018 Aug 30;258:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.041.

Scarafoni A, Ronchi A, Duranti M. gamma-Conglutin, the Lupinus albus XEGIP-like protein, whose expression is elicited by chitosan, lacks of the typical inhibitory activity against GH12 endo-glucanases. Phytochemistry. 2010 Feb;71(2-3):142-8. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.11.001.

Lupinus ( Lupinus albus L.) is a plant belonging to the Fabaceae family which grows in the Mediterranean regions. The genus Lupinus includes about 200 species, but the most known species are

• Lupinus albus L.
• Lupinus angustifolius L.

Its seeds have high protein content, are used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, contain 36-52% protein, 30-40% fiber and 5-20% essential oils, as well as oleic and linoleic acids, isoflavonoids, zeaxanthin, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin (1),

Data from this study demonstrate that a plant-based vaccine from a genetically engineered plant, the narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), can promote a protective immune response and attenuate experimental asthma, suggesting that plant-based vaccines may be potentially therapeutic for protection against allergic diseases (2).

Lupine seeds are very low in isoflavones, and lupine protein isolates are essentially free of isoflavones and may provide a useful alternative for people wishing to replace animal with plant-based protein for cardiovascular disease prevention. This initial study indicates that lupin, although lacking isoflavones, has cholesterol-lowering activity similar to that of other leguminous proteins in an established animal model. Furthermore, cholesterol reduction appears to be associated with stimulation of LDL receptors by a well-defined protein component of lupin seeds, as demonstrated by in vitro studies (3).

In a study on the effect of lupin protein on circulating cholesterol in plasma and lipoproteins of hypercholesterolemic subjects, a slight lowering of LDL cholesterol concentration was found in hypercholesterolemic subjects, without alteration of HDL cholesterol. No effects or minor effects of lupin protein on circulating glucose, homocysteine, and plasma amino acids were observed (4).

Lupine studies

References___________________________________________________________________

(1) Andor B, Danciu C, Alexa E, Zupko I, Hogea E, Cioca A, Coricovac D, Pinzaru I, Pătrașcu JM, Mioc M, Cristina RT, Soica C, Dehelean C. Germinated and Ungerminated Seeds Extract from Two Lupinus Species: Biological Compounds Characterization and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:7638542. doi: 10.1155/2016/7638542.

(2) Smart V, Foster PS, Rothenberg ME, Higgins TJ, Hogan SP. A plant-based allergy vaccine suppresses experimental asthma via an IFN-gamma and CD4+CD45RBlow T cell-dependent mechanism. J Immunol. 2003 Aug 15;171(4):2116-26. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.4.2116. 

(3) Sirtori CR, Lovati MR, Manzoni C, Castiglioni S, Duranti M, Magni C, Morandi S, D'Agostina A, Arnoldi A. Proteins of white lupin seed, a naturally isoflavone-poor legume, reduce cholesterolemia in rats and increase LDL receptor activity in HepG2 cells. J Nutr. 2004 Jan;134(1):18-23. doi: 10.1093/jn/134.1.18.

(4) Weisse K, Brandsch C, Zernsdorf B, Nkengfack Nembongwe GS, Hofmann K, Eder K, Stangl GI. Lupin protein compared to casein lowers the LDL cholesterol:HDL cholesterol-ratio of hypercholesterolemic adults. Eur J Nutr. 2010 Mar;49(2):65-71. doi: 10.1007/s00394-009-0049-3.