Antibacterial and antioxidant effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract and its fractions.
Amaral GP, Mizdal CR, Stefanello ST, Mendez ASL, Puntel RL, de Campos MMA, Soares FAA, Fachinetto R.
J Tradit Complement Med. 2018 Oct 9;9(4):383-392. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.10.006.

Effect of Salvia Officinalis L. and Rosmarinus Officinalis L. leaves extracts on anxiety and neural activity.
Choukairi Z, Hazzaz T, Lkhider M, Ferrandez JM, Fechtali T.
Bioinformation. 2019 Mar 15;15(3):172-178. doi: 10.6026/97320630015172

Enhancing antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of carnosic acid in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract by complexation with cyclic glucans.
Park J, Rho SJ, Kim YR.
Food Chem. 2019 Nov 30;299:125119. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125119.

Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Pimenta dioica and Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oils.
Lorenzo-Leal AC, Palou E, López-Malo A, Bach H.
Biomed Res Int. 2019 May 7;2019:1639726. doi: 10.1155/2019/1639726.

Neuroprotective effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract in oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-injured human neural-like cells.
Zappalà A, Vicario N, Calabrese G, Turnaturi R, Pasquinucci L, Montenegro L, Spadaro A, Parenti R, Parenti C.
Nat Prod Res. 2019 Apr 2:1-7. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1587428.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract causes ROS-induced necrotic cell death and inhibits tumor growth in vivo.
Pérez-Sánchez A, Barrajón-Catalán E, Ruiz-Torres V, Agulló-Chazarra L, Herranz-López M, Valdés A, Cifuentes A, Micol V.
Sci Rep. 2019 Jan 28;9(1):808. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37173-7.

Rosmarinic Acid as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agent.
Colica C, Di Renzo L, Aiello V, De Lorenzo A, Abenavoli L.
Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2018;13(4):240-242. doi: 10.2174/157488711304180911095818.

Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil: A review of its phytochemistry, anti-inflammatory activity, and mechanisms of action involved.
Borges RS, Ortiz BLS, Pereira ACM, Keita H, Carvalho JCT.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2019 Jan 30;229:29-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.038.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.): A Review.
Nieto G, Ros G, Castillo J.
Medicines (Basel). 2018 Sep 4;5(3). pii: E98. doi: 10.3390/medicines5030098

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an evergreen aromatic plant with an intense perfume that grows in Mediterranean countries, cultivated around the world and belongs to the Lamiaceae family.

 It is used in :

• foods
• cosmetics
• detergents

It has properties :

• tonic
• antioxidant
• stimulant
• disinfectant
• preservative

Rosmarinus officinalis leaf oil as essential oil extracted from rosemary benefits from all these positive properties.

What it is used for and where

Industrial technology has used rosemary in many ways, and it is above all rosemary essential oil that has gained a market in medical, food and cosmetics. Its production  goes through four stages: drying, steam distillation, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, and hydrodistillation. Drying is the most delicate part of the production preparation process and is the one that determines the quality of the final product and can be achieved by different methods:

• Air-drying at room temperature. This phase can last up to months.
• Microwave drying which involves a faster drying time, but many phytocompounds may lose their pharmacological efficacy.
• Oven drying which involves a faster drying time and phytocompounds do not lose their pharmacological efficacy.
• Freeze-drying: involves freezing the product at around -80°C for 12 hours and freeze-drying immediately afterwards. The best method of drying as the phytocompounds do not lose their pharmacological efficacy, but retain their vitality in the best way.

Rosemary essential oil has an impressive number of uses.

Medical

In the phytochemical analysis of rosemary, 18 components were identified, namely 13 flavones, two organic acids and three diterpenes. A total of 82 components were found in the volatile fractions, including hydrocarbon monoterpenes and 1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol and verbenone as dominant components, α-pinene and camphene among the oxygenated monoterpenes (1).

Among the polyphenolic components present in rosemary, carnosic acid has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and rosmarinic acid has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties.

Rosmarinic acid also has  anti-oxidative properties.

Rosemary extract exerts a relaxing action on the muscles of the trachea and intestines and has therapeutic potential in the prevention of various diseases including cataracts, atherosclerosis, peptic ulcer disease, and cardiovascular disorders (2).

Rosemary essential oil obtained from leaves or flowers is used in dermatology to treat wounds and minor skin eruptions, in gastrointestinal disorders as an anti-dispeptic, diuretic and antispasmodic in renal colic (3), in neurology for headaches and circulation problems, in pneumology as an expectorant.

Cosmetics

This oil is included in cosmetic formulations as an emollient and as a fragrance and can activate, through the flavonoids it contains, different pharmacological effects useful in cosmetics such as antimicrobial action, skin relaxing. disinfectant.

Food

Used as a spice and seasoning in foods and as a natural preservative in the food industry 

Rosemary studies

Rosmarinus oil studies

References_______________________________________________________________________

(1) Napoli EM, Siracusa L, Saija A, Speciale A, Trombetta D, Tuttolomondo T, La Bella S, Licata M, Virga G, Leone R, Leto C, Rubino L, Ruberto G. Wild Sicilian rosemary: phytochemical and morphological screening and antioxidant activity evaluation of extracts and essential oils.    Chem Biodivers. 2015 Jul;12(7):1075-94. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201400274.

(2)  al-Sereiti MR, Abu-Amer KM, Sen P.  Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials.  Indian J Exp Biol. 1999 Feb;37(2):124-30. Review.

(3) Ulbricht C, Abrams TR, Brigham A, Ceurvels J, Clubb J, Curtiss W, Kirkwood CD, Giese N, Hoehn K, Iovin R, Isaac R, Rusie E, Serrano JM, Varghese M, Weissner W, Windsor RC. An evidence-based systematic review of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl. 2010 Dec;7(4):351-413. doi: 10.3109/19390211.2010.525049.