Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.

Raone B, Veraldi S, Raboni R, Ardigò M, Patrizi A, Micali G. Salicylic acid peel incorporating triethyl citrate and ethyl linoleate in the treatment of moderate acne: a new therapeutic approach. Dermatol Surg. 2013 Aug;39(8):1243-51. doi: 10.1111/dsu.12215. 

Abstract. To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a peel (30% salicylic acid, triethyl citrate and ethyl linoleate) combined with a home therapy with three topical agents (triethyl citrate, ethyl linoleate and salicylic acid 0.5% cream, lotion) in moderate acne of the face.

Koo HJ, Park HJ, Byeon HE, Kwak JH, Um SH, Kwon ST, Rhee DK, Pyo S. Chinese yam extracts containing β-sitosterol and ethyl linoleate protect against atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and inhibit muscular expression of VCAM-1 in vitro. J Food Sci. 2014 Apr;79(4):H719-29. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12401. 

Abstract. This study evaluated whether hexane extracts from the edible part (DB-H1) or bark region (DB-H2) of Dioscorea. batatas Decne have anti-atherosclerotic properties in vivo and in vitro experiments. We also identified bioactive components in the hexane extracts. 

Huang X, Zhao Y, Hou Z. Purification of Ethyl Linoleate from Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) Bran Oil via Urea Complexation and Molecular Distillation. Foods. 2021 Aug 19;10(8):1925. doi: 10.3390/foods10081925.

Abstract. Here, we optimized two Ethyl linoleate processing steps, urea complexation (UC) and molecular distillation (MD), using single-factor and response surface analyses. We aimed to obtain a highly concentrated ELA at levels that are permitted by current regulations.

Bearer CF, Lee S, Salvator AE, Minnes S, Swick A, Yamashita T, Singer LT. Ethyl linoleate in meconium: a biomarker for prenatal ethanol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999 Mar;23(3):487-93. 

Abstract. The presence of ethyl linoleate in meconium is the first reported biological marker for maternal ethanol use during pregnancy.

Skroza N, Mambrin A, Tolino E, Marchesiello A, Proietti I, Bernardini N, Potenza C. Efficacy and tolerability of a lotion containing triethyl citrate, ethyl linoleate, and GT peptide-10 in the adjuvant treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: Real-life data. Dermatol Ther. 2018 Jul;31(4):e12599. doi: 10.1111/dth.12599.

Abstract. The aim of our study was to present the real-life experience based on the efficacy and tolerability of a novel lotion containing triethyl-citrate, ethyl-linoleate, and g-peptide-10 in the treatment of mild to moderate HS that has already shown effectiveness in acne treatment. 

Miyazawa, K., Yajima, I., Kaneda, I., & Yanaki, T. (2000). Preparation of a new soft capsule for cosmetics. Journal of cosmetic science, 51(4), 239-252.

Abstract. For cosmetic applications of the microcapsules, the all trans-retinol palmirate or ethyl linoleate used as a model ingredient was stabilized by microencapsulation.

Hartwig, S., Auwärter, V., & Pragst, F. (2003). Effect of hair care and hair cosmetics on the concentrations of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair as markers of chronically elevated alcohol consumption. Forensic Science International, 131(2-3), 90-97.

Abstract. It was investigated in this study whether this diagnostic method is disturbed by hair care and hair cosmetics.

Ethyl linoleate is an unsaturated essential fatty acid, ethyl ester of linoleic acid formed by the condensation of ethanol with linoleic acid, obtained by esterification of linoleic acid with ethanol by catalysing sulphuric acid.

The name describes the structure of the molecule:

• Ethyl refers to the ethyl group, an alkyl group derived from ethane with the chemical formula -C2H5. It is commonly used in organic chemistry to form esters with fatty acids.
• Linoleate indicates that the compound is an ester of linoleic acid, an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid is a significant component of many vegetable oils and is known for its beneficial properties for skin and hair.

Raw Materials Used in Production:

Ethyl Linoleate is produced via the esterification of linoleic acid, a common polyunsaturated fatty acid, with ethanol.

Step-by-step Summary of Industrial Production Process.

• Preparation of linoleic acid, usually extracted from plant sources like seed oils.
• Reaction of linoleic acid with ethanol to form Ethyl Linoleate, using a catalyst such as sulfuric acid.
• Removal of catalysts and other reaction byproducts.
• Purification of the product to remove impurities.
• Quality and specification checks of the finished product.

It occurs as a white grainy powder or as an amber liquid.

 What it is used for and where

It is obtained from various plants including Allium sativum, Daphne papyracea, Cryptomeria japonica, Setaria italica and others.

Medical

Ethyl linoleate can be safely used in combination with antibacterial substances to achieve statistically significant wound healing (1). It has also been studied as an effective treatment for acne with mild to moderate features and exerts a positive effect on both inflamed and non-inflamed acne lesions (2). Other studies have also found the anti-inflammatory activity of Ethyl Linoleate to be of potential therapeutic use (3).

Ethyl linoleate is used as an anti-inflammatory in creams, lotions for rough and dry skin and prevents hyperkeratinisation. 

Cosmetics

Skin conditioning agent - Emollient. Emollients have the characteristic of enhancing the skin barrier through a source of exogenous lipids that adhere to the skin, improving barrier properties by filling gaps in intercorneocyte clusters to improve hydration while protecting against inflammation. In practice, they have the ability to create a barrier that prevents transepidermal water loss.  Emollients are described as degreasing or refreshing additives that improve the lipid content of the upper layers of the skin by preventing degreasing and drying of the skin. The problem with emollients is that many have a strong lipophilic character and are identified as occlusive ingredients; they are oily and fatty materials that remain on the skin surface and reduce transepidermal water loss. In cosmetics, emollients and moisturisers are often considered synonymous with humectants and occlusives.

Perfuming. Unlike fragrance, which can also contain slightly less pleasant or characteristic odours, the term perfume indicates only very pleasant fragrances. Used for perfumes and aromatic raw materials.

Commercial Applications

Cosmetic Industry. Ethyl Linoleate is used in skin care products, particularly for its moisturizing and soothing properties.

Skin Treatments. Known for improving skin texture, reducing the appearance of wrinkles and signs of aging.

Acne Products. Used in acne treatments for its anti-inflammatory properties and ability to help reduce inflammation and redness.

Hair Care Products. Can be included in hair care products to nourish and condition the scalp and hair.

Ethyl linoleate studies

Typical commercial product characteristics Ethyl linoleate

Appearance	White powder
Boiling Point	388.3±21.0°C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point	96.3±20.4°C
Density	0.9±0.1 g/cm3
PSA	26.30000
LogP	8.17
Index of Refraction	1.465
Vapor Pressure	0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
Safety

• Molecular Formula  C₂₀H₃₆O₂
• Linear Formula   CH₃(CH₂)₃(CH₂CH=CH)₂(CH₂)7COOC₂H₅
• Molecular Weight     308.5
• Exact Mass   308.271515
• CAS  544-35-4
• UNII    MJ2YTT4J8M
• EC Number   208-868-4
• DSSTox Substance ID  DTXSID1060269
• IUPAC  ethyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate
• InChI=1S/C20H36O2/c1-3-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20(21)22-4-2/h8-9,11-12H,3-7,10,13-19H2,1-2H3/b9-8-,12-11- 
• InChl Key      FMMOOAYVCKXGMF-MURFETPASA-N
• SMILES   CCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC
• MDL number  MFCD00009535
• PubChem Substance ID    24896290
• ChEBI  31572
• RXCUI      24522
• NSC   50447
• RTECS   RG2185000
• HS Code      2916190090  
• NACRES NA.25
• Beilstein   1727827

Synonyms:

• ethyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate
• 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (9Z,12Z)-, ethyl ester
• Ethyl cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoate

References______________________________________________________________________

(1) Jelenko C, Wheeler ML, Anderson AP, Callaway BD, McKinley JC. Studies in burns: XIV, Heling in burn wounds treated with Ethyl Linoleate alone or in combination with selected topical antibacterial agents. Ann Surg. 1975 Nov;182(5):562-6. doi: 10.1097/00000658-197511000-00005.

(2) Charakida A, Charakida M, Chu AC. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of a lotion containing triethyl citrate and ethyl linoleate in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2007 Sep;157(3):569-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08083.x.

(3) Park SY, Seetharaman R, Ko MJ, Kim DY, Kim TH, Yoon MK, Kwak JH, Lee SJ, Bae YS, Choi YW. Ethyl linoleate from garlic attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production by inducing heme oxygenase-1 in RAW264.7 cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2014 Apr;19(2):253-61. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.01.017