Icaridin
Rating : 7
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10 pts from Whiz35
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"Icaridin studies" about Icaridin Review Consensus 10 by Whiz35 (11828 pt) | 2022-Aug-24 11:56 |
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Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.
von Elert E, Preuss K, Fink P. Infodisruption of inducible anti-predator defenses through commercial insect repellents? Environ Pollut. 2016 Mar;210:18-26. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.032.
Abstract. Commercial insect repellents like DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), EBAAP (IR3535(®), (3-[N-butyl-N-acetyl]-aminopropionic acid, ethyl ester)) or Icaridine (picaridin, Bayrepel, 1-piperidinecarboxylic acid, 2-(2-hydroxyethyl), 1-methylpropyl ester) are used worldwide to protect against biting insects and ticks. The detection of these repellents in surface waters in concentrations up to several μg/L levels has caused concern that these substances might affect non-target organisms in freshwaters.....
Boevé JL, Eertmans F, Adriaens E, Rossel B. Field Method for Testing Repellency of an Icaridin-Containing Skin Lotion against Vespid Wasps. Insects. 2016 Jun 3;7(2):22. doi: 10.3390/insects7020022.
Abstract. Vespid wasps are ecologically beneficial predators of insects but their stings also pose a human health risk. Current control methods based on killing vespids are suboptimal. Here, the repellent effect against Vespula vulgaris of a 20% icaridin skin lotion was evaluated under field conditions. An experimental setup was designed in which six artificial skin pieces (10 × 10 cm) were video-recorded for 1 h, to count each min the numbers of flying and feeding vespids. Prior to monitoring, five pieces were successively smeared with 2 mg of cream per cm², in 30 min intervals, from t = -120 min to 0. The sixth sheet remained untreated to serve as a control. One milliliter of an attractant, fruit jam, was deposited on each of the six surfaces at t = 0. The control surface was free of any flying or feeding vespid during an average period of 25 min, whereas the other five surfaces (treated at t = -120, -90, -60, -30, and 0 min) remained vespid-free for 39, 40, 45, 49, and 51 min, respectively. The skin lotion remained significantly active for at least 2 h. The experimental methodology is adjustable and allows the study of repellents against vespids in semi-natural conditions.
Tavares M, da Silva MRM, de Oliveira de Siqueira LB, Rodrigues RAS, Bodjolle-d'Almeida L, Dos Santos EP, Ricci-Júnior E. Trends in insect repellent formulations: A review. Int J Pharm. 2018 Mar 25;539(1-2):190-209. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.046.
Abstract. The use of natural and synthetic repellents, marketed in different pharmaceutical forms, is growing in the world due to the emerging vector-borne viral diseases as Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya, Yellow Fever and Malaria. The choice of the ideal formulation will depend on a series of factors to be analyzed: type of repellent active (natural or synthetic), pharmaceutical forms (spray, lotion, cream, gel), action time duration (short or long), environment of exposure and the user (adult, pregnant women, children, newborn). The most used repellents are DEET, IR3535 (Ethyl Butylacetylaminopropionate) (EB), Icaridin (Picaridin) and essential oils, each of them presenting advantages and disadvantages. ...
Przygodzka M, Mikulak E, Chmielewski T, Gliniewicz A. Repellents as a major element in the context of prevention of tick-borne diseases. Przegl Epidemiol. 2019;73(2):269-280. doi: 10.32394/pe.73.25.
Abstract. In Poland, out of the 21 species of ticks described, two species have the greatest epidemiological significance: Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus. Their participation in the transmission of etiologic agents of vector diseases such as Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis, rickettsiosis and many others is widely known. Due to the often severe and sometimes fatal course of diseases transmitted by ticks, a great deal of emphasis is placed on prophylactic activities, minimizing the possibility of biting and transfering pathogens along with the arachnid saliva. In addition to means of personal protection, including appropriate clothing, protective vaccinations, avoiding tick habitats or body checking after returning from this type of places, one of the most important elements of anti-tick prevention is the use of effective repellents. The key role of using the repellent is to discourage the arthropod from attacking and to prevent it from taking food, as a result of which there is no phenomenon of transmission of pathogens from the hematophage to the host organism. The most commonly used substances with arthropod repellent properties are: N-N-diethylm-toluamide (DEET), 3-(N-acetyl-N-butyl) aminopropionic acid ethyl ester (IR3535), icaridine, permethrin and essential oils. However, it should be remembered that no repellent ever protects 100% all the time after application - its use should be considered as one of many elements of personal protection in the prevention of tick
Lupi E, Hatz C, Schlagenhauf P. The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp. - a literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2013 Nov-Dec;11(6):374-411. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2013.10.005.
Abstract. Travellers are confronted with a variety of vector-borne threats. Is one type of repellent effective against all biting vectors? The aim of this review is to examine the literature, up to December 31st, 2012, regarding repellent efficacy....
Hasler T, Fehr J, Held U, Schlagenhauf P. Use of repellents by travellers: A randomised, quantitative analysis of applied dosage and an evaluation of knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP). Travel Med Infect Dis. 2019 Mar-Apr;28:27-33. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.12.007.
Abstract. Prevention of arthropod-borne infections hinges on bite prevention. We aimed to investigate travellers' use of repellents....
Juckett G. Arthropod bites. Am Fam Physician. 2013 Dec 15;88(12):841-7.
Abstract. The phylum Arthropoda includes arachnids and insects. Although their bites typically cause only local reactions, some species are venomous or transmit disease. The two medically important spiders in the United States are widow spiders (Latrodectus), the bite of which causes intense muscle spasms, and the brown recluse (Loxosceles), which may cause skin necrosis. Widow bites usually respond to narcotics, benzodiazepines, or, when necessary, antivenom. Most recluse bites resolve uneventfully without aggressive therapy and require only wound care and minor debridement. Tick bites can transmit diseases only after prolonged attachment to the host. Treatment of clothing with permethrin and proper tick removal greatly reduce the risk of infection. Ticks of medical importance in the United States include the black-legged tick, the Lone Star tick, and the American dog tick. The prophylactic use of a single dose of doxycycline for Lyme disease may be justified in high-risk areas of the country when an attached, engorged black-legged tick is removed. Bites from fleas, bedbugs, biting flies, and mosquitoes present as nonspecific pruritic pink papules, but the history and location of the bite can assist with diagnosis. Flea bites are usually on ankles, whereas mosquito bites are on exposed skin, and chigger bites tend to be along the sock and belt lines. Antihistamines are usually the only treatment required for insect bites; however, severe mosquito reactions (skeeter syndrome) may require prednisone. Applying insect repellent containing diethyltoluamide (DEET) 10% to 35% or picaridin 20% is the best method for preventing bites.
Kajla MK, Barrett-Wilt GA, Paskewitz SM. Bacteria: A novel source for potent mosquito feeding-deterrents. Sci Adv. 2019 Jan 16;5(1):eaau6141. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau6141.
Abstract. Antibiotic and insecticidal bioactivities of the extracellular secondary metabolites produced by entomopathogenic bacteria belonging to genus Xenorhabdus have been identified; however, their novel applications such as mosquito feeding-deterrence have not been reported. Here, we show that a mixture of compounds isolated from Xenorhabdus budapestensis in vitro cultures exhibits potent feeding-deterrent activity against three deadly mosquito vectors: Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, and Culex pipiens. We demonstrate that the deterrent active fraction isolated from replicate bacterial cultures is highly enriched in two compounds consistent with the previously described fabclavines, strongly suggesting that these are the molecular species responsible for feeding-deterrence. The mosquito feeding-deterrent activity in the putative fabclavine-rich fraction is comparable to or better than that of N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (also known as DEET) or picaridin in side-by-side assays. These findings lay the groundwork for research into biologically derived, peptide-based, low-molecular weight compounds isolated from bacteria for exploitation as mosquito repellents and feeding-deterrents.
Pages F, Dautel H, Duvallet G, Kahl O, de Gentile L, Boulanger N. Tick repellents for human use: prevention of tick bites and tick-borne diseases. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2014 Feb;14(2):85-93. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1410.
Abstract. Ticks are arthropods and the most important vectors of major human diseases after mosquitoes. Due to their impact on public health, in vitro and in vivo assays have been developed to identify molecules with repellent activities on ticks. Repellents are useful to reduce tick bite exposure and the potential transmission of pathogens; they can be used topically or in impregnated clothing. Presently, mainly synthetic molecules are commercialized as skin repellents, e.g., N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), IR3535, picaridin or KBR 3023, and para-menthanediol. Permethrin is largely used for fabric impregnation. Intensive research has been conducted to identify new molecules with repellent activity and more recently, plant-derived molecules, as an alternative to synthetic molecules.
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"Descrizione" about Icaridin Review Consensus 10 by Whiz35 (11828 pt) | 2024-Jun-28 21:35 |
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Icaridin also called Piperidine the name of the plant extract Piperidine from which it is extracted: Piper or pepper.
Icaridin is a synthetic compound widely used as an active ingredient in insect repellents. It is known for its effectiveness in repelling a broad range of insects, including mosquitoes, ticks, and flies, while being gentle on the skin and providing long-lasting protection.
Chemical Composition and Structure
Icaridin, chemically known as 1-(1-methylpropoxycarbonyl)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine, has the molecular formula C12H23NO3. Its structure includes a piperidine ring substituted with an ethyl group and a hydroxy group, contributing to its repellent properties.
Physical Properties
Icaridin typically appears as a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a mild, non-offensive odor. It is soluble in organic solvents and slightly soluble in water. Icaridin is known for its non-greasy feel and non-staining properties, making it suitable for use in various formulations, including sprays, lotions, and wipes.
Chemical Industrial Synthesis Process
It appears as a colourless to yellowish liquid, volatile and insoluble in water.
What it is used for and where
Insecticides
In 1980, Bayer chemically produced Icaridin as an insect repellent, which was subsequently authorised in 2001 in 2001, while in Canada, authorisation was only granted in 2012.in 2012.
The most commonly used insect and tick repellents on the market are DEET (N,N,Diethyltoluamide), IR3535 (Ethyl Butylacetylaminopropionate) and Icaridin (Picaridin). IR3535 has a lower level of toxicity and has efficacy equal to DEET. Icaridin has the same efficacy as DEET, but has a lower level of toxicity and a longer duration of protection. A natural product, clove essential oil, has shown good repellency, but requires relatively high dosages to cause high effects (1). Other repellents: lemon eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, catnip oil and 2-undecanone.
Icaridin is a newly developed repellent and its recommended use starts at a concentration of 5% and goes up to a maximum of 10% with a short-term protection of about 3 to 5 hours, while in more dangerous situations, when there is a need for a longer period of protection, a concentration of 20% can protect for up to 10 hours (2).
Alternatives to Icaridine
Nepeta cataria also known as catnip, has shown some efficacy as a spatial repellent but less effective than DEET as a contact repellent (3).
VUAA1, a chemical compound that functions as a co-receptor ion channel agonist of the insect odourant receptor (4).
Repellents of natural and plant origin cinnamon oil have shown almost equal repellency to DEET while margosa extract (Azadirachta indica (A.Juss., Sapindales: Meliaceae) has slightly lower efficacy (4). Other repellents: lemon eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, catnip oil, 2-undecanone, para-menthane-3,8-diol (distilled from Eucalyptus citriodora), geraniol.
For more information: Icaridine studies
Appearance | Colourless liquid |
pH | 4-9 |
Boiling Point | 330.9±15.0°C at 760 mmHg |
Melting Point | below -170ºC |
Density | 1.0±0.1 g/cm3 |
Vapor Pressure | 0.0±1.6 mmHg at 25°C |
Refraction Index | 1.478 |
PSA | 49.77000 |
LogP | 1.56 |
Loss on drying | ≤2.0% |
Sulphated ash | ≤0.5%/g |
Heavy metals | ≤10 ppm |
Safety |
Price
1 g €45.50
10 g €51.00
100 g €103.80
Synonyms
References______________________________________________________________
(1) Nentwig G, Frohberger S, Sonneck R. Evaluation of Clove Oil, Icaridin, and Transfluthrin for Spatial Repellent Effects in Three Tests Systems Against the Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2017 Jan;54(1):150-158. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjw129.
(2) Morimoto Y, Kawada H, Kuramoto KY, Mitsuhashi T, Saitoh T, Minakawa N. New mosquito repellency bioassay for evaluation of repellents and pyrethroids using an attractive blood-feeding device. Parasit Vectors. 2021 Mar 10;14(1):151. doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04656-y.
Abstract. Background: With the increasing threat of the worldwide spread of mosquito-borne infectious diseases, consumer interest in anti-mosquito textiles that protect against mosquito bites is also increasing. Accordingly, repellent- or insecticide-treated textiles are gaining popularity. The standardization of commercial textile products is, therefore, indispensable for an authentic and objective evaluation of these products. Here we report a textile testing method using an artificial blood-feeding system that does not involve human volunteers or live animals, which aligns with the policy of protecting human and animal welfare....Conclusions: The accuracy and reproducibility of the developed method demonstrate that the ABFD may be widely used for fundamental experiments in the field of mosquito physiology, for the development of new repellent chemicals and in evaluation studies of mosquito repellent products, such as anti-mosquito textiles. The further development of the membrane and feeding unit systems will enable a more practical evaluation of mosquito repellents and blood-feeding inhibitors, such as pyrethroids.
(3) Bernier UR, Furman KD, Kline DL, Allan SA, Barnard DR. Comparison of contact and spatial repellency of catnip oil and N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) against mosquitoes. J Med Entomol. 2005 May;42(3):306-11. doi: 10.1603/0022-2585(2005)042[0306:cocasr]2.0.co;2.
Abstract. Nepetalactone, the primary component of catnip oil, was compared with the repellent N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) for its ability to affect the host-seeking ability of Aedes aegypti (L.). A triple cage olfactometer was used to bioassay each substance and to assess its attraction inhibition (spatial repellent) attributes when combined with the following attractants: carbon dioxide, acetone, a blend of L-lactic acid and acetone, and human odors. Repellent tests were conducted with each substance against female Ae. aegypti, Anopheles albimanus Weidemann, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. Catnip oil and deet were both weakly attractive to Ae. aegypti, catnip oil was the better spatial repellent, whereas deet was a more effective contact repellent in tests with all three species of mosquitoes.
(4) Rinker, D. C., Jones, P. L., Pitts, R. J., Rutzler, M., Camp, G., Sun, L., ... & Zwiebel, L. J. (2012). Novel high‐throughput screens of Anopheles gambiae odorant receptors reveal candidate behaviour‐modifying chemicals for mosquitoes. Physiological Entomology, 37(1), 33-41.
Abstract. Despite many decades of multilateral global efforts, a significant portion of the world population continues to be plagued with one or more mosquito-vectored diseases. These include malaria and filariasis as well as numerous arboviral-associated illnesses including Dengue and Yellow fevers. The dynamics of disease transmission by mosquitoes is complex, and involves both vector competence and vectorial capacity. One area of intensive effort is the study of chemosensory-driven behaviours in the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae Giles, the modulation of which are likely to provide opportunities for disease reduction. In this context recent studies have characterized a large divergent family of An. gambiae odorant receptors (AgORs) that play critical roles in olfactory signal transduction. This work has facilitated high-throughput, cell-based calcium mobilization screens of AgOR-expressing HEK cells that have identified a large number of conventional AgOR ligands, as well as the first non-conventional Orco (olfactory receptor co-receptor) family agonist. As such, ligand-mediated modulation serves as a proof-of-concept demonstration that AgORs represent viable targets for high-throughput screening and for the eventual development of behaviour-modifying olfactory compounds. Such attractants or repellents could foster malaria reduction programmes.
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Component type:   Chemical Main substances:   Carboxylic acid Last update:   2024-06-28 19:45:29 | Chemical Risk:   Irritant |