Compendium of the most significant studies with reference to properties, intake, effects.
Khan, I. A., Aziz, A., Raza, M. A., Saleem, M., Bashir, S., & Alvi, A. (2015). Study pertaining to the hypothermic activity of Plumeria rubra, Linn. in prostaglandin 1 and typhoid vaccine-induced pyrexia models in rabbits. West Indian Med. J, 12(1).
Abstract. Plumeria rubra Linn. belongs to the Apocynaceae family and have trees and shrubs containing secretory cells. It is also known as Lal Champa in Hindi and True Frangipani in English. The plants of this genus are widely grown in the tropical and subtropical regions all over the world. They are known as excellent ornamental plants and often available in the graveyards. The trees reach maturity in about 5 years. The fruit is reported to be eaten in West Indies. Some ornamental species are grown in the warmer regions of the world. About eight species are reported from India, but owing to the overlapping of characters in some species; it is become difficult to fix their identity. In India, however, it has been used as an abortifacient .....
Aziz, A., Saqib, F., Khan, I. A., Ashraf, M. M., Ashraf, M. N., & Raza, M. A. (2018). Dermatological Evaluation of Anti-Irritant and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Plumerin-R Isolated from the Latex of Plumeria rubra Linn. Lat. Am. J. Pharm, 37(2), 317-20.
Abstract. SUMMARY. A study was conducted to assess the significance of Plumerin-R isolated from the latex of Plumeria rubra Linn. (Apocynaceae) as a anti-irritant and anti-inflammatory agent in dermatological use. Phenol, histamine, and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), irritation models were used. Irritation was induced by applying phenol, histamine and SLS, single topical application onto the ear of the rabbit. The mean decrease in redness and erythema were used to calculate the anti-irritant effect with those of control and standard betamethasone. Plumerin-R (25, 50, and 75 mg) were tested for anti-irritant effect and compared with control and standard groups. Both the higher doses showed anti-irritant effect with the highest inhibition (94.42%) in phenol, followed by SLS (90%), and histamine (88.46%) irritation models Plumerin-R countered the effect of irritation and suppressed inflammatory signs in experimental animals.
de Alencar NM, Pinheiro RS, de Figueiredo IS, Luz PB, Freitas LB, de Souza Tde F, do Carmo LD, Marques LM, Ramos MV. The Preventive Effect on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Lesions of the Medicinal Plant Plumeria rubra: Involvement of the Latex Proteins in the NO/cGMP/K ATP Signaling Pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:706782. doi: 10.1155/2015/706782.
Abstract. Plumeria rubra (Apocynaceae) is frequently used in folk medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, hepatitis, and tracheitis, among other infirmities. The aim of this study was to investigate the gastroprotective potential of a protein fraction isolated from the latex of Plumeria rubra (PrLP) against ethanol-induced gastric lesions and describe the underlying mechanisms. In a dose-dependent manner, the pretreatment with PrLP prevented ethanol-induced gastric lesions in mice after single intravenous administration. The gastroprotective mechanism of PrLP was associated with the involvement of prostaglandins and balance of oxidant/antioxidant factors. Secondarily, the NO/cGMP/KATP pathway and activation of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents were also demonstrated as part of the mechanism. This study shows that proteins extracted from the latex of P. rubra prevent gastric lesions induced in experimental animals. Also, the results support the use of the plant in folk medicine.
Verma, S. (2016). Multipurpose ornamental plant Plumeria rubra Linn (Apocynaceae). Int J Sci Res Sci Eng Technol, 2, 646-649.
Abstract. Plumeria rubra are commonly grown as ornamental plants in parks and home gardens because of their beautiful fragrant flowers of various color and size. Plumeria rubra is one of the plants which have been used in traditional medicine for many years. The plant is known to possess biological activities viz., antipyretic, antifungal, antiviral, analgesic, anticancer, antioxidative and hypolipidemic, proteolytic, cytotoxic activities etc. The present review gives an account of updated information of the botanical, phytochemical and pharmacology aspects of Plumeria rubra.
Mohamed Isa SSP, Ablat A, Mohamad J. The Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Plumeria rubra Flowers. Molecules. 2018 Feb 13;23(2):400. doi: 10.3390/molecules23020400.
Abstract. Plumeria rubra Linn of the family Apocynaceae is locally known in Malaysia as "Kemboja". It has been used by local traditional medicine practitioners for the treatment of arthritis-related disease. The LCMS/MS analysis of the methanol extract of flowers (PR-ME) showed that it contains 3-O-caffeyolquinic acid, 5-caffeoquinic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, citric acid, 3,3-di-O-methylellagic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-rutinoside, kaempferol, quercetin 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranoside, quercetin, quinic acid and rutin. The flower PR-ME contained high amounts of phenol and flavonoid at 184.632 mg GAE/g and 203.2.2 mg QE/g, respectively. It also exhibited the highest DPPH, FRAP, metal chelating, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide superoxide radical scavenging activity. Similarly, the XO inhibitory activity in vitro assay possesses the highest inhibition effects at an IC50 = 23.91 μg/mL. There was no mortality or signs of toxicity in rats at a dose of 4 g/kg body weight. The administration of the flower PR-ME at doses of 400 mg/kg to the rats significantly reduced serum uric acid 43.77%. Similarly, the XO activity in the liver was significantly inhibited by flower PR-ME at doses of 400 mg/kg. These results confirm that the flower PR-ME of P. rubra contains active phytochemical compounds as detected in LCMS/MS that contribute to the inhibition of XO activity in vitro and in vivo in reducing acid uric level in serum and simultaneously scavenging the free radical to reduce the oxidative stress.
Kuigoua GM, Kouam SF, Ngadjui BT, Schulz B, Green IR, Choudhary MI, Krohn K. Minor secondary metabolic products from the stem bark of Plumeria rubra Linn. displaying antimicrobial activities. Planta Med. 2010 Apr;76(6):620-5. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1240611.
Abstract. Four new iridoids viz., plumeridoids A, B, and C and epiplumeridoid C were isolated from the stem bark of Plumeria rubra Linn. together with twenty-four known compounds viz., 1-( P-hydroxyphenyl)propan-1-one, isoplumericin, plumericin, dihydroplumericin, allamcin, fulvoplumerin, allamandin, plumieride, P- E-coumaric acid, 2,6-dimethoxy- P-benzoquinone, scopoletin, cycloart-25-en-3 beta,24-diol, 2,4,6-trimethoxyaniline, ajunolic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, beta-amyrin acetate, betulinic acid, lupeol and its acetate, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl octacosanoate, glucoside of beta-sitosterol, and a mixture of common sterols (stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol). Their structures were determined by means of spectroscopic data including HREIMS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 2D NMR (HMQC, HMBC, NOESY) and by comparison with published data. All but one of thirteen tested compounds exhibited antifungal, antialgal, and/or antibacterial activities.
Dey, A., Das, T., & Mukherjee, S. (2011). In vitro antibacterial activity of n-Hexane fraction of methanolic extract of Plumeria rubra L.(Apocynaceae) stem bark. Journal of Plant Sciences, 6(3), 135.
Abstract. Medicinal plants serve as sources of valuable compounds with therapeutic potential. Plumeria rubra L. (Apocynaceae) is a medicinally important tree which has been reported as ethnomedicinal cure of different ailments. In the current investigation, n-hexane fraction of crude methanolic extract of P. rubra stem bark was investigated against four ATCC (American type culture collection) bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 13047), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Serratia marcescens (ATCC 13880). Inhibitions of the plant extract against all the four microorganisms were tested by both agar-diffusion assay and broth microdilution method. The n-hexane fraction of crude methanolic extract of P. rubra stem bark showed MICs of 13.5, 11.8, 8.5 and 16.9 mg mL-1 and induced a maximum of 91.53, 92.84, 94.69 and 85.29% growth inhibition against S. aureus (ATCC 25923), E. cloacae (ATCC 13047), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and S. marcescens (ATCC 13880), respectively. The active plant extract in this study showed significant antibacterial activities against all the human pathogenic strains, adding credence to the ethnomedicinal uses of the plant, as well as, suggesting towards its specific use against the tested microorganisms.
Viana CA, Oliveira JS, Freitas CD, Alencar NM, Carvalho CP, Nishi BC, Ramos MV. Thrombin and plasmin-like activities in the latices of Cryptostegia grandiflora and Plumeria rubra. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2013 Jun;24(4):386-92. doi: 10.1097/MBC.0b013e32835d540b.
Abstract. Latex proteins have drawn attention because they have shown several pharmacological activities. Herein, the fibrin(ogen)olytic activity of Cryptostegia grandiflora (CgLP) and Plumeria rubra (PrLP) latices were evaluated and characterized. Ion-exchange chromatography separated CgLP in proteolytic (CgLP PI) and nonproteolytic proteins (CgLP PII). CgLP and CgLP PI hydrolyzed azocasein in a dose-dependent manner, whereas CgLP PII and PrLP showed negligible activities. CgLP and CgLP PI accelerated plasmatic clot formation and digested all fibrinogen chains in a time/dose-dependent manner, though in a nonspecific way. CgLP and CgLP PI did not fully hydrolyze the subunits of the fibrin clot since fibrin α-chain showed resistance to proteolysis. No fibrinogenolytic activity was noticed after incubation of CgLP and CgLP PI with E-64. These results suggested that fibrinogenolytic and procoagulant activities of C. grandiflora were performed by cysteine proteases and confirm the activity of latex cysteine proteases as thrombin and plasmin-like proteins.
Bihani, T. (2021). Plumeria rubra L.–A review on its ethnopharmacological, morphological, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 264, 113291.
Abstract. Ethnopharmacological relevance Plumeria rubra L. (Apocynaceae) is a deciduous, commonly ornamental, tropical plant grown in home premises, parks, gardens, graveyards, because of its beautiful and attractive flowers of various colours and size. The different parts of the plant are used traditionally to treat various diseases and conditions like leprosy, inflammation, diabetic mellitus, ulcers, wounds, itching, acne, toothache, earache, tongue cleaning, pain, asthma, constipation and antifertility....ConclusionP. rubra is a valuable medicinal source and further study in this topic can validate the traditional and ethnobotanical use of the plant. However, many aspects of the plant have not been studied yet. The pharmacological activity of active chemical constituent isolated from the plant is proven only for a couple of activities hence, lack of bio-guided isolation strategies is observed. Further studies on bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action and structural activity relationship studies of isolated pure compounds will contribute more in understanding their pharmacological effects. Higher doses of plant extracts are administered to experimental animals, therefore their toxicity and side effects in humans are needed to be thoroughly studied, although no side effect or toxicity is seen or observed in experimental animals. Studies are also essential to investigate the long term in vivo toxicity and clinical efficacy of the plant.
Plumeria Rubra flower/leaf/stem water 
Flavonones
