Melaleuca Alternifolia leaf oil, an essential oil steam-distilled from a plant that originates in Australia, Melaleuca alternifolia belonging to the Myrtaceae family, commonly known as Tea Tree Oil, is derived from the leaves of the Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), which belongs to the Myrtaceae family. This essential oil is widely used in the cosmetic and personal care industry for its potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and skin-conditioning properties.

Chemical Composition and Structure

Melaleuca Alternifolia Leaf Oil contains a variety of bioactive compounds that contribute to its beneficial properties:

• Terpenes: Including terpinen-4-ol, which is known for its strong antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.
• Cineole: Provides antiseptic and antibacterial properties.
• Alpha-terpineol: Known for its antifungal and antibacterial activities.

Physical Properties

Melaleuca Alternifolia Leaf Oil typically appears as a clear to pale yellow liquid. It is soluble in oil and alcohol but insoluble in water, making it suitable for various cosmetic formulations. The oil has a characteristic camphoraceous scent, which is potent and medicinal.

Cosmetic and Personal Care Applications

• Antimicrobial: Protects the skin from harmful microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
• Anti-inflammatory: Helps to reduce redness, swelling, and irritation associated with various skin conditions.
• Skin Conditioning: Improves the texture and appearance of the skin, making it softer and smoother.
• Antiseptic: Useful in formulations designed for wound healing and infection prevention.
• Acne Treatment: Effective in treating acne-prone skin due to its antibacterial properties

It appears as a yellowish oily liquid.

It has been shown to be non-toxic, non-irritating and non-corrosive to humans only at the doses set by medical warnings (1).

Human health

TTO exhibits a wide spectrum of anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory activities. Its wide range of antimicrobial activity is mainly due to its diversity of components, especially its volatile constituents. The volatile compounds in TTO are mainly 1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, and α-terpilenol (2).

In particular, 1,8-cineole has been shown to destroy the cell menbrane of E. coli, while terpinen-4-ol exhibits strong antibacterial, disinfection, and anti-corrosive effects. α-terpilenol has been demonstrated to feature suitable permeability and exhibits a killing effect on common pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, candida aibicans, etc.(3).

TTO is not harmful to the human body and has a suitable, natural anti-bacterial effect; thus, it may be used as an anti-bacterial agent in food.
Several studies have suggested the uses of TTO for the treatment of acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis, and chronic gingivitis. It also accelerates the wound healing process and exhibits anti‐skin cancer activity (4).

Agriculture

Botrytis cinerea, one of the most destructive fungal pathogens, causing gray mold rot in a wide range of fresh fruits and vegetables. Although chemical fungicides are widely used to control the incidence of the disease, this practice potentially introduces harmful substances into the food chain, and also selects for B. cinerea strains with increased drug resistance. This study found that important metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and purine metabolism, were compromised by TTO treatment, while Cytochrome c (a hemoglobin located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and is responsible for transferring electrons between mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes) increased. We conclude that the disruption of energy metabolism by TTO contributes to its antifungal activity against B. cinerea (5).

Environmental and Safety Considerations

Melaleuca Alternifolia Leaf Oil is generally considered safe for use in cosmetic and personal care products when used within recommended concentrations. Sustainable harvesting practices are essential to ensure the preservation of Tea Tree plants and their natural habitats. Proper formulation and testing ensure its safety and efficacy in end products.

The most relevant studies on this ingredient have been selected with a summary of their contents:

Melaleuca Alternifolia studies

CTypical commercial product characteristics Melaleuca Alternifolia Tea tree oil

• Molecular Formula      C₂₈H₆₀O₄P₂S₄Zn
• Molecular Weight 716.352 g/mol
• CAS:   68647-73-4
• EC Number: 232-293-8     
• UNII     VIF565UC2G
• DSSTox Substance ID  DTXSID6028789      DTXSID60100611      DTXSID30874014
• IUPAC  zinc;diheptoxy-sulfanylidene-sulfido-λ⁵-phosphane
• InChl=1S/2C14H31O2PS2.Zn/c2*1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17(18,19)16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2;/h2*3-14H2,1-2H3,(H,18,19);/q;;+2/p-2
• InChl Key      ZKAQFYDDTYGBBV-UHFFFAOYSA-L
• SMILES  CCCCCCCOP(=S)(OCCCCCCC)[S-].CCCCCCCOP(=S)(OCCCCCCC)[S-].[Zn+2]
• MDL number  MFCD00132409
• PubChem Substance ID    
• RTECS  RJ3697600
• NCI    C74295
• C74295     69627 
• FEMA Number: 3902

Synonyms:

• Melaleuca alternifolia Oil
• Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-di-C1-14-alkyl esters, zinc salts
• Oil, Melaleuca alternifolia
• TEA TREE OIL
• Oil, Tea Tree
• Tea Tree Oil
• Dialkyl(C1-C14)dithiophosphoric acid, zinc salt
• SCHEMBL164653
• zinc diheptoxy-sulfido-thioxo-$l^{5}-phosphane
• Zinc Dialkylphosphorodithiloate
• AN-38072

References__________________________________________________________________

(1) Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. In vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against dermatophytes and other filamentous fungi. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002 Aug;50(2):195-9. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkf112.

(2) Lin G, Chen H, Zhou H, Zhou X, Xu H. Preparation of Tea Tree Oil/Poly(styrene-butyl methacrylate) Microspheres with Sustained Release and Anti-Bacterial Properties. Materials (Basel). 2018 May 1;11(5):710. doi: 10.3390/ma11050710.

(3) Thomas J, Carson CF, Peterson GM, Walton SF, Hammer KA, Naunton M, Davey RC, Spelman T, Dettwiller P, Kyle G, Cooper GM, Baby KE. Therapeutic Potential of Tea Tree Oil for Scabies. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016 Feb;94(2):258-266. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0515. 

(4)  Pazyar N, Yaghoobi R, Bagherani N, Kazerouni A. A review of applications of tea tree oil in dermatology. Int J Dermatol. 2013 Jul;52(7):784-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05654.x.

(5) Xu J, Shao X, Wei Y, Xu F, Wang H. iTRAQ Proteomic Analysis Reveals That Metabolic Pathways Involving Energy Metabolism Are Affected by Tea Tree Oil in Botrytis cinerea. Front Microbiol. 2017 Oct 12;8:1989. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01989.